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Mount St. Helen?s, 2002.
A discussion of the volcanic Mount St. Helen's, its history, eruption process and aftermath.
1,621 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by providing a brief geological history of the mountain, seperating it into nine different periods. It then examines various lava types found in the area. The paper moves to modern day when the first actual threat was realized for eruption. It discusses the process of eruption and the different types of blast - lateral blast (direct blast zone, channelized blast zone, seared zone); vertical blast and pyroclastic flows. It concludes with an analysis of the aftermath and its effect on wildlife in the area.
From the Paper
"On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helen?s in southwestern Washington erupted with a massive explosion. Leading up to this day was increasingly intense earthquake activity. There were also lots of relatively weak eruptions and many locations of minuet gas discharge. The devastating impact of the suddenly unleashed volcanic energy caused the worst volcanic and geological disaster in the recorded history of the United States."
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Radioactive Dating, 2002.
An introduction to the history and methods of the various types of radio carbon dating.
1,842 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
Radioactive dating is the process of determining the age of rocks and other specimens from the decay of their radioactive elements. By applying this information, geologists are able to decipher the 4.6-billion-year history of the earth. The paper introduces the history of this type of dating in chronological order. It discusses other issues related to radioactive dating such as Carbon-14 dating, fission track dating, Potassium Argon Dating, the Rubidium-Strontium method, lead-alpha age and debated ideas of radioactive dating.
From the Paper
"Cosmic rays from the sun strike nitrogen 14 atoms in the earth?s atmosphere and cause nitrogen atoms to lose a proton making it a carbon isotope this then turns into radioactive carbon 14, which combines with oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide. All living things are in equilibrium with the atmosphere, and the radioactive carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air and used by green plants. Then the radioactive carbon dioxide gets passed on through the plants into the food chain and the carbon cycle. All living things contain a constant ratio of Carbon 14 to Carbon 12 of about 1 in a trillion. The amount of carbon 14 lost in a species is continually replenished as long as it still takes in food and oxygen. At death, the exchange of carbon 14 ceases and any that is left in the tissues of the organism begins to decay to Nitrogen 14, this is not replenished by any new C-14. The change in the Carbon 14 to Carbon 12 ratio is the basis for dating this dating technique. The half-life is so short (5730 years) that this method can only be used on materials less than 70,000 years old. A lot of archaeological dating uses this method. It is also very useful in attempting to date remnants of the ice ages (Pleistocene epoch.)"
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Materials and Technologies used for the Development of Egyptian Art, 2002.
This essay investigates how the natural materials and technologies available at the time influenced the development of Egyptian art.
2,959 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This essay investigates whether the natural materials and technology available influenced the development of Egyptian art. The essay argues that the wealth of natural materials Egypt had in its possession provided the Egyptians with access to a range of mediums with which they could develop art. An argument is put forward that the technology and techniques used by the Egyptians greatly influenced and contributed to the development of Egyptian art. This essay begins by looking at the earliest materials and technologies that were used during the prehistoric period followed by an examination of how these materials and techniques developed over time. Evidence is provided throughout the essay to support these arguments.
From the Paper
"Pottery was also one of the earliest forms of artwork in Egypt dating back to the Prehistoric Neolithic and Predynastic Periods. In 1985 Sir Flinders Petrie discovered a variety of Predynastic pottery vessels ranging from Badarian handmade vessels to decorated pottery from the Naqada Period that showed evidence of ?exquisite craftsmanship? (Romer 1982:38). The natural materials that allowed for the creation of such pottery included Nile river silt clay, limestone and clayey shale from the cliffs (Romer 1982:45). The early technology used to produce pottery included polishing the pottery with a pebble to give a burnished red or black appearance before being fired in a kiln (Shaw & Nicholson 1995:226). Other
decorative characteristics included rippled lines that were produced by running another natural material, fish bones over the wet clay (Hart 1995:30)). Improvements in ceramic technology and the introduction of the potter?s wheel allowed an increase in the range of shapes that could be produced (Quirke & Spencer 1992:178). However J. Romer (1982:70) states that the use of the potter?s wheel led to a decline in the quality of Egyptian pottery. He argues that the potter?s wheel, although allowing larger vessels to be made quickly and easily from clay, ultimately led to pottery becoming more utilitarian and of less artistic quality. Therefore although the standard of art declined, this is still evidence of how the technology available influenced the development of Egyptian art."
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Foucault's Social Science Methodology, 1994.
This paper examines the social science methodology of Foucault: Techniques and theories used to analyze social structure, philosophy of differences, archeology and genealogy, social forms and power relationships.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 3 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the social science methodology of Foucault. The plan of the research will be to set forth the general constituents of his method, and then to discuss its details and praxis, including his use of the terms archeology and genealogy, the results of his conception of the relationship between these terms and social structure, and an indication of how one can evaluate their efficacy.
The methodology Foucault uses to analyze social structure can be characterized as oppositional. In the term the philosophy of difference is enclosed the general approach to challenging the traditional understanding of social history and the realities of social structure that the notion of difference implies. Two related concepts that are associated with Foucault's approach to social structure are archeology and genealogy."
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Israelite Conquest of Canaan, 1994.
This paper discusses the Israelite conquest of Canaan: Historical, Biblical, military, cultural and archaeological aspects of the 14th Century B.C. conquest and its significance.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"The period of the Israelite Conquest, the conquest of Canaan, was important as the beginning of the Israelites as a people with roots, with a physical place they could call home. This was not to last as they were driven out of this home and taken into slavery, but Jewish history ever since was intent on the idea of the return, of the revival of Israel as a state, based on the belief that Palestine was inherently the territory of the Israelites and rightfully theirs to be reclaimed. In this century, there has been considerable archaeological evidence to support aspects of the biblical story of the conquest and its aftermath, all offering support for the hypothesis that the Hebrew people possessed Palestine long before those claiming it in more recent history. Yet, the issue remains complex and controversial, as an examination of scholarship on this issue ... "
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Ancient Egyptian Art, 1994.
A look at the evolution of styles, themes, rock paintings, materials and techniques.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Artistic expression in any given age always develops from works, styles, and themes produced in earlier eras. The further back into history we go, the more difficult it may be to ascertain the source of a given culture and the art it produces. The wonders of Egypt have long fascinated archaeologists, historians, and art experts. This art did not develop out of whole cloth but instead had antecedents which can be discerned elsewhere on the continent of Africa, specifically the rock art of Africa which can be seen as a precursor of the Egyptian civilization that would develop to the north.
The connections between the different cultures of Africa can be seen now as extending back to the beginning of humankind, for recent research seems to indicate that human beings first emerged on the African continent. Cultural development in the area can..."
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Ankh, 1994.
An examination of the ancient Egyptian cross symbolizing the creative energies of the male and female in context of the history of Egyptian art and heiroglyphic symbology.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The ankh (crux ansata) was an ancient Egyptian T.shaped cross surmounted with a loop. It symbolized the creative energies of the male and female and - most importantly to a civilization obsessed with the afterlife - the essence of life. In this paper, the ankh will be examined in terms of its general place in the history of art and symbols and as it fit in specifically with the art and hieroglyphic symbology of the ancient Egyptians.
As noted above, the ankh has the essential form of a cross. The cross is among the oldest and most universal of symbols. In preliterate societies it often represented a conjunction of dualities, or - as the symbol would quite frequently be viewed literally - as an intersection of two worlds: the human and the divine. These symbols could be quite elaborate, but basically..."
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"Stele With Law Code Of Hammurabi", & "Grave Stele Of Hegeso", 1994.
Describes & compares appearance, nature, & importance of the Babylonian STELE WITH LAW CODE OF HAMMURABI, & Greek GRAVE STELE OF HEGESO. Also provides historical overview civilizations from which the steles emerged.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Two steles from the ancient world are found in the Stele with Law Code of Hammurabi and the Grave Stele of Hegeso, the first in Susa, the second in Athens. A stele is a carved or inscribed stone or pillar used for commemorative purposes. While the term is Greek, the artistic form existed before the Greeks who turned it to their own use, as can be seen in the two works under discussion. The first is a Babylonian relief sculpture, and the second a Greek work. The Babylonian work is the larger of the two, standing at 7 feet 2 inches, while the Greek work is five feet 2 inches high. The two works have similarities in purpose and even form, but the Babylonian work has a secondary importance in that it contains the Code of Hammurabi, one of the most important legal documents of the ancient world.
The first civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India.."
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Pyramids of Egypt & Latin American, 1993.
Compares structures, functions, settings, sophistication, materials, size, interiors, decorations & heiroglyphs, religious significance and rituals.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
" When the Italian traveler and adventurer Giovanni Careri visited the area around Mexico City in 1697, he was curious to see the ruins of the ancient city of Teotihuacan, which was then overgrown by jungle. With the assistance of an Indian guide, Careri went to the site, where he climbed the great Pyramid of the Sun and the smaller Pyramid of the Moon. At Teotihuacan, "Careri was immediately reminded of the Egyptian pyramids" (Fagan, 93).
There are many similarities between the pyramids of Latin America and those of Egypt, but the pyramids of these unique civilizations exhibit basic, fundamental differences as well. For example, the pyramids of Latin America have a terraced structure which features a stairway on one side and a temple on top of the pyramid. By contrast, Egyptian pyramids are.."
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Bone Research, 1993.
A look at the background, characteristics, purpose, prehistoric human bones, benefits and findings.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The study of human skeletal remains recovered from archeological sites provides a valuable source of information about prehistory from many different perspectives due mainly to the fact that bone is a living organism that continuously responds to environmental stresses. Osteologists and physical anthropologists have the ability to detect both cultural and physical interactions of prehistoric man through what the bones tell them with regards to growth, diseases, nutrition and wear and tear on the skeleton. Studied in conjunction with archeological data, we can now answer many questions about early man as well as isolate bits of data that can be pertinent to the human population today.
The purpose of this paper will be to discuss the study of prehistoric man's bones, including a quick look at the history of..."
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