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"Exterminate Them", 2002.
This paper presents a book review of "Exterminate Them: Written Accounts of the Murder, Rape, and Enslavement of Native Americans during the California Gold Rush." by Clifford E. Trafzer and Joel R. Hyer. Forward by Edward Castillo.
700 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 24.95
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Abstract
The following book review examines the true treatment of Native Americans in California at that time of the California Gold Rush. It is a testament to the fact that folklore and tales can be embellished for many years with little accuracy. The book details and documents provable facts that should alert any future white person that it can happen, and did happen in the United States.
From the Paper
"Throughout history, authors have used their works to convey emotion or a principle or moral that they felt strongly about. One of the best illustrations of this type of literary work is in, 'Exterminate Them' : Written Accounts of the Murder, Rape, and Slavery of Native Americans During the California Gold Rush, 1848-1868 ,by Clifford E. Trafzer (Editor), and Joel R. Hyer (Editor). In this work, the authors detail many of the horrors that were faced by the Native American, while the white man moved through the state of California, and industrialized it and changed it to their liking."
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The Continental Divide, 2000.
A look at the history and nature of the Continental Divide, and the threats it faces today.
1,492 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of the wilderness area of the Continental Divide Trail and takes at look at its history, modern threats to its ecological systems, and efforts that are being made to preserve it.
From the Paper
"The Continental Divide Trail is controversial because its construction has touched on issues that were present back in the days of the Old West: it impedes on the territories of some Native American tribes, it has the potential to exploit or destroy delicate ecosystems and animal species that live along the trail, and it paves a path over virgin terrain for white yuppies to exploit previously uninhabited lands. As we will see in this paper, these current events are directly related to the historic settlement of the Old West. "
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Native Americans, 2003.
Examines that Native American's struggle to retain their culture and lands against the forces of the early white settlers.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the history of the lack of tolerance for the Indians from the time that Hernando De Soto set foot in Cherokee country to the expulsion of Native Americans to Oklahoma.The author points out that the early white settlers justified their harsh stance by believing that the Indians obstructed the progress of the whites who could use the land much more efficiently and that it was the God-given right of the settlers to obtain this land. The paper reports that, in 1835, the Treaty of New Echota forced Indians at bayonet point and shackled in chains to be transferred to Oklahoma. The paper concludes that thousands of Indians died due to disease, absence of shelter and lack of food on this journey called the "Trail of Tears".
From the Paper
"The Federal Government received their plea, and in 1832, the Supreme Court reviewed the case of Worcester vs. Georgia. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled on behalf of the Cherokee Indians and stated that the Federal Government was responsible for the Indians rather than the state of Georgia. This ruling appeared to be a triumph for the Native Americans; however, it was short lived. For example, Jackson stated that John Marshall has made his decision and that it was up to him to enforce it."
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Native Americans and Mental Health, 2008.
This paper explores the problem of mental health issues, especially substance abuse, among Native Americans.
1,330 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Native Americans disproportionately have a greater occurrence of mental health and substance use disorders than the population as a whole. The author relates that the U.S. government's policy of expansion, containment and non-sanctioned genocide in the 1880s has manifested itself in the Native-American population as poverty, alienation from mainstream public services and education, increased risk for medical and psychological conditions and a fractured sense of tribal and family cohesiveness. The paper points out that alcohol dependence combined with major depression or post-traumatic stress disorder are the most prevalent co-occurring disorders. The author reports that the evolving standard treatment method for Native-American clients is integrated mental health and addiction services using motivational interviewing, which is especially compatible with Native-American values.
From the Paper
"Because Native Americans have a long, rich cultural heritage strikingly different from the mainstream of America, and because Native America is segmented into hundreds of tribes, many of which with their own unique cultural systems, providing adequate mental health and chemical dependency services in a culturally sensitive manner is difficult. This very issue serves as a barrier to treatment and outcomes, especially for individuals living off reservations where local community support and tribal customs are not present. Even on reservations, community support is inadequate as funding for mental health services through the Indian Health Services entitlement is woefully under-funded."
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California Natives, 2008.
This paper looks at American anthropology from a Native-American perspective through studying the book "The Way We Lived: California Indian Stories, Songs and Reminiscences" by Malcolm Margolin.
1,357 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that, in the work "The Way We Lived: California Indian Stories, Songs and Reminiscences", the editor brings together a disparate range of customs and rites particular to the many different tribes which occupied the land unmolested until the late 18th century. The writer notes that in its examination of the inner-workings of a forgotten people, 'The Way We Lived' gives psychological and ideological concreteness to a canon that is layered with practices tied to the land and its resources. In doing this, the book also proves that the deprivation to this people of the land and its resources was a vehicle to the culture's disappearance. The writer concludes that Margolin brings the book to a close by proving that its feasibility was assured by the culture's perseverance today, as attended to by its living descendants.
From the Paper
"This book appears to have been written to meet a number of purposes. Among them, it is evident the Margolis hoped to show that the colonial domination of the California Indian tribes was not accomplished because of superior cultural sophistication, though this is a notion which some European historians have attempted to purvey. Instead, it works from the position that anthropology should not only be the pursuit of the white man but of natives as well, making as a compassing goal the removal of an implicit racial prejudice from the discipline. The book's contents are organized by eleven distinctive sections, a vehicle which the editor utilized in order to shape the experience of absorbing its non-linear description of once prevalent cultures such as the tribal habitations of the Yurok and Miwok Indians. By traversing the range of central topics in the saga of tribes, from roving guests of nature's bounty to oppressed and devastated in number, Margolin touches upon the numerous strata of the Indian way of life. Moving deftly through lifestyle details such as early rites of passage, love and loss thereof, and spiritual empowerment, the book's divisions give a framework to the reader's adoption of an entirely new foundation for anthropological study of Native America."
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Native American Exploitation, 2008.
A summary of opposing views of the New World as voiced by Christopher Columbus and Bartoleme de Las Casas.
1,381 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper brings together the works of Christopher Columbus and Bartoleme de Las Casas in relation to their impressions of the New World.
The paper relates that extracts from their letters illustrate how the two Spaniards offer similar conceptions of the new people while differing considerably on the appropriate treatment offered to them. In essence, however, both author their letters with European colonialism as the informing basis for their respective intimations, prefiguring the ultimate destruction of the native people and culture
From the Paper
"When Columbus touched the shores of the Americas, believing his discovery to be the West Indies that he had initially sought, a New World was said to have been uncovered. For the Europeans, this title was rife with connotation regarding its entitlement to conquer and claim the vast and unexplored territory. This would be true in spite of the concurrent discovery that, in fact, the New World had long been populated by the native tribes that are described as plentiful in accounts of the frontier. For the leader of the first voyage to America, Christopher Columbus, and a man regarded as perhaps the first staunch advocate for Native American rights, Bartoleme de Las Casas, the presence of these populations challenges European assumptions regarding ownership and subjugation. In their respective letters, the 1493 "A Letter to Luis Santangel" and 1542's "Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies," the two Spaniards offer similar conceptions of the new people encountered in the New World while differing considerably on the appropriate treatment offered thereto.
Both concur on the dominant presence of the tribes found in the Americas. Las Casas, in fact, describes them as being so numerous as to perhaps account for a more densely populating presence than he had ever seen of a people in the Spanish homeland. For Columbus, this plenteousness is distinguished, however, by the apparently malleable spirits of the natives. He remarks that on the Atlantic coast of the continent, "I found very many islands filled with people innumerable, and of them all I have taken possession for their highness, by proclamation made and with the royal standard unfurled, and no opposition was offered to me" (Columbus, 1) Here, the European perspective on ownership is immediately demonstrated, offering a great deal of insight into the disposition which Columbus helped to foster in the New World. The eventual destruction of the native cultures which he describes here is made inevitable in Europe's very first glimpse of America.
The clash of cultures, it can be seen, will be immediate. The conventional wisdom denotes that the native tribes which inhabited the land before Columbus' arrival had no sense of ownership, either over land or people. In the conception articulated above, Columbus regards the submissiveness of these cultures to his dominance as an indication of their willingness to be conquered and possessed. This is a clear failure on the part of the author to apprehend the social manifestation of the cultural distinctions between prior inhabitants and new arrivals to the New World. A more studied understanding of their behavior might instead reveal that the tribes, which would earn the misappellation 'Indians,' did not recognize their newfound status as subjects to the king of Spain."
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Communitarian Living in Cherokee and Colonial Communities, 2008.
An analysis of the Colonists' influence on the Cherokee population.
1,781 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the influences and opportunities that the colonists brought to the New World and discusses the differences between their values and those of the Native Americans. Ultimately, the difference in the communitarian tendencies attributed to both cultures would be definable in terms of gender equality. The author argues that the general push of European culture toward the patriarchal capitalism which would soon come to define American life, could be felt in the distinct change, and eventual devastation, of the Cherokee culture.
From the Paper
"The European arrival to the New World brought about a total recalibration of global order. The opportunities of economic growth, governmental innovation and geographical expansion prefigured the development of a distinct culture. Indeed, the colonists who brought with them many vestiges of the monarchical European lifestyle would come into contact with a theretofore unprecedented landscape and a people, in the Native Americans, of whom there existed no prior knowledge. In Theda Perdue's Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change 1700-1835 and Helena Wall's Fierce Communion, we can begin to see how the land and the two cultures in question coincided to produce a unique condition of communitarian living for the colonists while simultaneously dismantling such a condition for the Cherokee.
A major point of distinction between the Cherokee and colonialist civilizations is the emphasis which each placed on its respective social value system as a means to subsistence. For the Cherokees, this system would be founded on a distribution of responsibilities designed to bring equanimity to the survivability of the collective. This communitarian approach to subsistence would be countered by the far more individualistic culture of the colonists, whose conceptualization of individual ownership, land dominance and market competition together created a powerful capitalist entity. This entity would be perhaps the most incurrent cause of the eventual demise of a pure Cherokee culture, first through the intended process of acculturation and thereafter through the aggressive tactics of economic and military dominance that would appear to be naturally produced by the thrust of capitalism. Thus, we can see that the sharp contrast between Cherokee communitarian tendencies and colonial ambitions for expansion of the competitive playing field would be an ultimate catalyst to the impasse between the two divergent cultures."
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"Indian School", 2003.
This paper examines the book "Indian School" by Michael Cooper.
1,391 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 0 sources, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper examines "Indian School" by Michael Cooper where he chronicles the history of the schools organized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The paper looks at how Cooper profiles some of its students and their hardships in the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania. The paper discusses how the Native-Americans were forced to ignore their Indian culture and conform to the white man's ways. The author concludes that he will use this as an example of why it is important to incorporate all cultures in education.
From the Paper
"In 1879, relations between the United States government and the Native Americans were very poor. The Native Americans were being forced into reservations by the expanding European-American population. Also just three years earlier, Lt. Colonel Custer and 250 soldiers were killed at the Little Bighorn River. When Captain Richard Henry Pratt came to the Rosebud Reservation asking for Sioux children, the Native Americans were very apprehensive. Captain Pratt spoke with forty warriors and chiefs and he convinced them that their ignorance of the white man's ways were actually hurting their civilization. He said the United States government would provide boarding and education for their children at no cost. After talking it over the Chiefs decided that it would be best if the children did get an education so that they would be better able to help their people negotiate with the white man. That winter hundreds of frightened Sioux children were taken by train from their homes near North Dakota to Pennsylvania, one thousand miles away."
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The Lenni-Lenape Tribe, 1998.
A brief history of Lenni Lenape Indian tribe.
2,666 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the Lenni-Lenape tribe. It includes their spiritual and intellectual beliefs and a description of the environment in which they lived. Also described briefly is the history of their contact with the English, Spanish and other invaders, beginning with a look the Spaniard Pedro Mendez in 1570 and continuing through to a look at the Englishmen under Governor William Berkley in 1644. The paper also discusses the Lenni-Lenapes of modern day from the 1920's.
From the Paper
"Two outstanding leaders met and stopped a war between the English colonists under John Smith and the Lenape Indians under Chief Powhatan. As part of the treaty, Chief Powhatan was crowned King of the Delaware territory, in 1609, through the diplomacy of John Smith. Unfortunately, John Smith was recalled to England in 1609 after a dispute with the London Company's managers. The result of his recall was full-scale war between the English and the Lenape. The war lasted until 1613 when Pocahontas married an English colonist named John Rolfe and Chief Powhatan grudgingly called a truce between his people and the English."
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"Night Flying Woman", 2007.
A reflection of the role of the cycle of life in Ojibway culture through the narrative of "Night Flying Woman" by Ignatia Broker.
961 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines "Night Flying Woman" by Ignatia Broker and reflects on the different steps of the Ojibway cycle of life and their effect on Ojibway culture. The steps of the cycle mentioned in this essay are birth and childhood, learning of the Ojibway ways, the carrying out of these taught ways, making the great journey and the passing on of history, knowledge and tradition.
From the Paper
"Another key part of the cycle of life is when an Old One makes the great journey. While making the great journey is the end of a person's cycle of life, it is not the end of their influence on the tribe, or the end of the Ojibway cycle of life for that matter. The legends and stories of the Ojibway elders are passed on, and their words are honored. Oona describes the period following the passing on of Grandmother and Grandfather. "The mourning lasted a year. They would never be forgotten, for their names were whispered to the si-si-gwa-d." (Broker, 114) Grandmother and Grandfather were not remembered so much for their individuality, but for the contribution and their dedication to the Ojibway children. "
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