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Ethical Practices in the Business World, 2008.
An explanation of how business people need to create new guidelines for ethical practices in light of recent business scandals.
4,016 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how ethical issues in the business world have changed since the demise of companies such as Enron, WorldCom, and Arthur Andersen. According to this paper, several different approaches have been suggested for businesses today to cope with the issue of ethics and for corporations to develop ethical guidelines.
Outline:
Introduction
Ethical Issues
Ethical Grounding
Leadership
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The issue needs to be considered from the smallest infraction to the major ones. The latter, of course, are what get a company into trouble, while the former often lead to the latter. However, business people seem to have a number of rationales for why certain behaviors that might be unethical in everyday life are not in business. Carr (1993) argues that there is an agreement among people in business that bluffing is accepted and that, in the words of British statesman Henry Taylor, "falsehood ceases to be falsehood when it is understood on all sides that the truth is not expected to be spoken" (Carr, 1993, p. 143). Carr argues that bluffing is not unethical in this context. It is not lying because while both bluffing and lying would be meant to deceive bluffing in business is accepted as part of the price of doing business and so cannot be considered lying."
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Illegal Downloads, 2008.
A review of the problem of illegal downloads and the effect it has on the recording industry.
1,279 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces and analyzes the topic of ethics in American business. Specifically, the paper discusses who should be punished for downloading illegal music. The paper argues against the practice and contends that downloading music online is illegal unless one pays for the music. The paper also contends that "down loaders" know the act is illegal, and choose to do it anyway, making it both legally and ethically wrong. The paper further contends that illegal downloads harm record companies and recording artists and violate the intellectual property rights of the individuals who created the song. The paper concludes that stealing music is like stealing someone's special creation, it is simply wrong, ethically, morally, and legally.
From the Paper
"In addition, stealing music is a known crime, and music companies have been filing suit against people for many years, making it common knowledge that downloading music is a crime. The Minnesota trial was the first lawsuit to make it all the way to trial, however. Downloaders paying thousands of dollars in fines to recording companies have settled all the other suits. In one case, recording companies sued the parents of two under-18-year-olds, and the parents eventually settled with the record company. In this case, since the children were not of legal age, the companies went for the people who owned the computers. However, in most normal cases, these would not be the people responsible, because anyone who owns a computer knows that you cannot control family members and friends 24 hours a day, 7 days a week when they are on the computer."
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Sham and Shame, 2008.
This paper explores the impact of the Enron scandal.
3,080 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the strict regulatory and corporate policies that were undertaken in an effort to recapture public trust and confidence after the Enron scandal. The paper looks at the scandal's effect on healthcare securities regulation, on lawyers' ethics and on the assessment of records and their integrity. The paper also discusses the lesson learned that, in a world of predators, all the parties participating are already at least partly corrupt. Finally, the paper explores ethics for America after Enron and explains the concept of fiduciary duties.
Outline:
The Story of Enron
Impact
From the Paper
"Enron began as an intestate pipeline company from a merger of Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth of Omaha (Canadian Broadcasting Company 2006). The former chief executive officer of Houston Natural Gas, Kenneth Lay, became the merger's CEO and later its chairman of the board. From a regulated natural gas company, it ventured into new fields and eventually became one of the world's biggest energy businesses. In 1999,. Enron opened its broadband services and Enron Online, its website for trading commodities. Ninety percent of its overall income came from businesses conducted through the website. Business was swift. The following year, its annual revenue was $100 billion. It became the seventh-biggest company in the Fortune 500 list and the world's sixth largest energy company (Canadian Broadcasting Company)."
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Drug Testing in Nigeria, 2008.
An investigation into clinical trails carried out on children in Nigeria.
3,669 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper describes work carried out by researchers, Debora Spar and Adam Day, with regard to a clinical test of an experimental drug, Trovan, conducted in a Third World country under suspect conditions, with shoddy supervision and for questionable reasons. The paper relates that, though the Trovan trial was perhaps exceptional, it is also considered an example of what can happen when pharmaceutical corporations conduct research on humans in poor countries with bad supervision.
Outline:
Introduction
Background
Analysis
Operational Analysis
Strategic Analysis
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"A nervous system infection, Meningitis can kill a child in a matter of hours if left untreated. It killed more than 12,000 children in six months in and around Kano, a mostly Muslim city. Pfizer, a pharmaceutical giant drug company saw this scenario as an opportunity to do clinical research on 200 live humans, while possibly helping sick people. Half of the 200 children received Trovan and the other half received a "proven meningitis treatment," ceftriaxone, though they administered a dose lower than recommended. Pfizer has maintained its records demonstrate that not one of the deaths could be linked to Trovan or to substandard treatment, and that the clinical study shows there is a better survival rate for patients on Trovan than for patients who receive the standard drug. Survivors sometimes sustain brain damage or other complications from the disease, even if they are "cured" (AP, p. 1)."
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Ethics in Research Design, 2008.
This paper discusses the role of ethics in the research design process.
1,424 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses ethics in research design procedures that includes the need for the researcher to inform the participants with reference to their rights regarding recording statements and footage, the need for permission to use children or adolescents and the need for a consent that is purely voluntary. The paper relates that the researcher must practice open communication and must take care that the reporting is accurate. The paper also looks at how many professional associations, government agencies, and universities have developed specific codes, rules and policies relating to research ethics.
Outline:
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"During the phase of research design, it is important to develop a social relationship with the participants, and it is the responsibility of the researcher to ensure the existence of good communication and mutual trust between both the sides. According to Deborah (2001), 'it is important to realize that central principle of ethical research is that of informed consent' (pp. 78) ; Informed consent can be interpreted as, participants have voluntarily agreed to be part of the research, and have understood what they are agreeing to, furthermore they must be informed of the purposes of the research, David (2006) has questioned that 'why it is being undertaken, and the institution which is overseeing it' (pp. 87)."
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Normal Saline Usage and Pneumonia, 2008.
This paper analyzes the controversial practice of using normal saline during suctioning.
1,727 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper assesses the issue concerning whether or not to use normal saline during suctioning, and most especially when the patient is an infant or a very weak and compromised adult. However, this question does not deter nurses and other medical practitioners from using the normal saline technique for suctioning, and the practice is still widely used. Furthermore, the paper looks into the issue of whether this procedure actually helps the patient, or if it is unnecessary. Specifically, the paper discusses the prevalence, the benefits and disadvantages, the purposes of using the procedure and the risks and negative consequences of using normal saline for suctioning purposes. Lastly, the paper looks at one specific illness associated with the procedure, called ventilator assisted pneumonia.
From the Paper
"A Survey was conducted a few years previously, on a number of nurses and medical practitioners who were working in adult ICU's in a large teaching hospital facility, in order to make an accurate and clear assessment of the advantages and the disadvantages of using normal saline during the endotracheal suctioning of an adult. It was found that while about fifty one percent of those surveyed reported that they rarely used normal saline for the suctioning procedure, about thirty three percent had routinely used saline for the same purpose. While fifty five percent of the nurses used saline to remove and retrieve secretions that would perhaps block the airway, about forty five percent used the same procedure to stimulate a cough in the patient. There was a lack of understanding of the usage of saline for suctioning among the nurses: while sixty four percent reported rarely using saline before suctioning, respiratory therapists reported using normal saline for suctioning. Respiratory therapists seemed to exhibit more awareness than nurses about the benefits or disadvantages of using normal saline for suctioning purposes and to induce a cough in the patient. Evidence was able to prove that when nurses used saline for suctioning, there were more adverse effects in the patient than when a respiratory therapist used it, among them being that of greater oxygen desaturation, and other, a greater risk of cardio pulmonary infections. (Schwenker; Gift, 1998)"
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Adam Smith, 2008.
This paper outlines the philosophies of Adam Smith, the economic and political visionary.
873 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper explains Adam Smith's background and his moral and economic philosophy. The paper looks at how Smith perceives the nature of work and the relationship between working people and society at large.
Outline:
Background and History
Smith's Moral Philosophy
Adam Smith's Economic Philosophy:
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Adam Smith (1723-1790), was a professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow University and a visionary economic political theorist who pioneered a capitalist theory that was to become known as laissez fair economics. His most influential written works were An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which he authored in 1776, fittingly, the same year as the birth of the United States, where his approach to economics was to be embraced and implemented more extensively than any other nation."
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Social Responsibility, 2008.
An examination of the responsibilities of a corporation and how they differ from the social responsibilities of an individual.
1,554 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between social responsibility of an organization and of an individual. It begins with the allegory of two prehistoric men hunting for their families and the social responsibility that is required of them. The paper then discusses a corporation's responsibilities to its shareholders and to society and looks at the signs of competitive market situations.
From the Paper
"A capitalistic society that provides open and free competition did not bring about Enron and similar debacles. It was the second part of Friedman's statement: "without deception or fraud" that led to such situations. It was the greed of several individuals who misreported their profits to get a larger part of the pot. Unfortunately, there will always be individuals like this--it is human nature. That does not make the whole system corrupt. One can say that the competition inherent in the capitalistic enterprise encourages such behavior. Hoarding by one of the cave dwellers would never work. The hope is that lessons are learned from situations such as these--that nothing works perfectly."
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Moral Relativism, 2008.
A debate on the pros and cons of moral relativism.
1,345 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses whether or not moral relativism is correct or not. The writer presents both sides of the argument and includes opinions of several authorities on the subject. The paper concludes with the writer's own opinion on moral relativism.
Outline:
The "Yes" Side
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opinion
From the Paper
"Throughout history, different people at different times and places have held divergent, sometimes opposing, moral views, even within the same society (Harman 1996). The ancient Greeks once strongly believed, for instance, that their god Zeus produced thunder. That science changed that strong belief. Today's Greek people will ascribe thunder to natural causes and conditions. This shows that what a particular society or individual strongly believes in or observes can and does change when new and convincing evidence demands that change. Another example is the origin and nature of black holes, which have not yet been scientifically explained. The dictates of morality appear to proceed from convention or understanding among people of a particular era and place. The fact is that people within that particular era and place themselves form different shades of understanding even about a specific matter. There appears to be no strict, basic or generalized moral demands or requirements for differences in understanding or view about something. Because people's beliefs are relative, it follows that their behavioral norms, described as ethics, are also relative. Thus it is correct to say that morality and ethics, which are determined or perceived individually and subjectively, are also individual and subjective rather than absolute (Harman)."
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Preserving the Ben & Jerry's Brand, 2008.
This paper examines Unilever's acquisition of the Ben and Jerry's brand.
2,628 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the Ben and Jerry's brand had a philosophical and ethical foundation of a triad of product, economic and social factors. The paper examines Unilever's acquisition of this brand and highlights how Unilever's governance and compliance could not replace the ethics and shareholder trust that was inherent in the Ben and Jerry's organization. The paper explains that Unilever's need to show a profit from the acquisition does not allow the ethical ecosystem to stay intact. The paper recommends that Unilever should look at the most severe areas of weakness and work quickly and thoroughly to turn them into strengths, for otherwise, the value of the original brand acquired will be lost.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Defining Product, Economic and Social Mission at Ben & Jerry's
Lesson for Unilever: You Can Buy a Brand but You Can't Buy Trust
Corporate Social Responsibility Assessment
Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Ben & Jerry's business model from the beginning was one of the most unique in the history of business, in that it successfully integrated Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), commitment to product, economic and social initiatives that successfully balanced both product quality and concern for the environment while attaining profitability. In many respects, Ben & Jerry's egalitarian roots in one of the most liberally-mind states, Vermont, would eventually permeate the company during its rapid growth period and be tested as the growing pains of the company began to become apparent."
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