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White Collar Crime and Enron, 2008.
This paper looks at white collar crime and the lessons that can be learned from Enron.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in the past decade, fraud, corruption and crime have emerged as the greatest threats to economic development and business management. The list of companies that have been economically crippled by white collar crime continues to grow, as the lives of their corresponding CEOs and board of directors are subject to ruin in the process. The writer points out that the fall of Enron remains one of the most notable accounting scandals involving white collar criminals. This paper analyzes the actions of various individuals portrayed in the film 'Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room', and examines their actions under theories attributable to white collar crimes. Finally, the paper concludes by explaining the concept of the micro-macro connection through utilization of the casual analysis in the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Instances of White Collar Crime Portrayed in the Film
Theoretical Behavior Analysis
Social-Psychological Theory
Strain Theory
Organization Theory
Differential Association Theory
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The actions of Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling can be analyzed under social-psychological theory as it relates to white collar crime. Social-psychological theory attempts to explain how the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of individuals are influenced by other people. This theory places a great deal of emphasis on the immediate social situation and the interaction between person and situation variables. When Enron executives followed directions from its accounting firm, Arthur Andersen, to destroy documents, they acted in accordance with social-psychological theory. Although the document destruction at Enron was specifically to cover up the state of the company, employees followed it because they either figured that they had no choice, or would be terminated if they refused or were scared to be a whistleblower."
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Due Process, 2008.
This paper discusses due process, truth and the US criminal justice system.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at due process, which is one of the most important founding principles underlying the U.S. criminal justice system. The writer explains that due process derives from the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution, which applies to federal government action and has traditionally been applied identically to state actions by the identical provision contained in the Fourteenth Amendment. The writer discusses that due process also requires grand jury indictment, and prohibits double jeopardy and compelled self-incrimination, and therefore, is one of the most influential concepts defining criminal procedure in the enforcement of penal laws in the U.S.
Outline:
Introduction
Striking a Balance between Two Important Principles
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Law enforcement always requires the balancing of two competing social concerns: on one hand, is the government's interest in protecting its citizens and prosecuting criminal conduct; on the other hand, is the right of innocent citizens to be free from unrestricted searches and seizures and compelled confessions. Under British rule before the Revolution that established a sovereign United States, citizens were subject to unwarranted searches of their property and seizure of their persons for suspicion of criminal conduct without the need for justification on the part of government agents. This experience under British rule was incorporated into the U.S. Constitution and its subsequent amendments, including the Bill of Rights, precisely to provide the protection of citizens against unrestricted governmental police powers.
"Unrestricted police powers might, in principle, allow for the highest level of crime prevention and prosecution, but at a very steep cost, because virtually any police action would be permissible, including searches and apprehension, detention, and imprisonment without any justification, based solely on the suspicions, or even the whims, of government agents. Excessive protections of individual rights would prohibit the investigatory, arrest, and prosecutorial functions necessary to enforce the laws of society.
"The goal of modern constitutional criminal procedure is to define principles of law enforcement that protect citizens from government intrusions that are unreasonable in their effect on personal liberties, while simultaneously facilitating the reasonable enforcement of law and protection of society by prosecuting and punishing criminal conduct."
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Female Delinquency, 2008.
An examination of the studies on female delinquency.
844 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the problem of female delinquency, presenting results from several studies that have taken place on this subject. The author concludes that the correlation that exists between trauma and abuse and levels of female juvenile delinquency suggests that more research is required.
From the Paper
"There is considerable proof to suggest that in many cases young women become juvenile delinquents or become involved in acts of delinquency as a result of severe trauma and abuses. There is in the literature a correlation between the incidents of trauma and abuse and levels of female juvenile delinquency. This is also related to the growing number of cases of female delinquency in the United States. As one study states, in the last decade crime among female juveniles has grown at a faster pace than that of male offenders."
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Female Juvenile Crime, 2008.
This paper explores the psychosocial factors behind female juvenile delinquency.
801 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how environmental factors such as physical and sexual abuse, race, location and substance abuse all contribute to the rising rates of female youngsters in juvenile detention centers. The paper also discusses how mental health is a factor in their turn to a life of crime. The paper reveals that most female juvenile delinquents begin their career of crime between the ages of fourteen and sixteen, a very vulnerable time in an adolescent girl's life. The paper points out, however, that at this age there is a chance of reaching out and preventing them from becoming delinquents in the first place.
From the Paper
"When most people think of juvenile crime they tend to think of male offenders. However, there has been a sharp increase in the arrest rates of juvenile girls since the 1990's. A surprising twenty-six percent of juvenile arrests on 1997 were female, (Loper). There was also a huge increase of twelve percent for juvenile female offenders between the years of 1993 and 1997, (Loper). With these increasing rates of young females behind bars for a variety of criminal offenses, one must look into how these numbers are steadily increasing."
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Alcohol Availability and Crime, 2008.
An examination of three research articles on the link between alcohol availability and crime.
1,563 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines three research articles pertaining to the topic of alcohol availability and crime, namely "Ecological Models of Alcohol Outlets and Violent Assaults: Crime Potentials and Geospatial Analysis" by Gruenewald, et al , "Is the Physical Availability of Alcohol and Illicit Drugs Related to Neighborhood Rates of Child Maltreatment?" by Freisthler, et al and "Drug "Hot Spots", Alcohol Availability and Violence" by Gorman et al. The paper discusses the research question, data strategy and results of each and analyzes Gorman's article in order to show that this article is the most valid and credible piece. The criteria used to evaluate the three research articles is included as an appendix to the paper.
From the Paper
"The link between alcohol availability and crime has been studied for several years across a multitude of variables and using a number of different data collection and analysis techniques. Since socio-economic status, head of household, age, and neighborhood information can all affect the crime rates of a given area, researchers must account for all other variables before examining the results of their particular study. Further, the design, sampling, population, data analysis techniques, and overall methods must support a sound, valid, ethical, and overall reliable experiment in order to be truly credible."
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Gendered Criminology Theory, 2008.
An examination of the theories of crime and gender put forward in the article, "Gender and Crime: Toward a Gendered
Theory of Female Offending," written by Emilie Steffensmeier.
1,151 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines gendered criminology theory. It specifically analyzes the article, "Gender and Crime: Toward a Gendered
Theory of Female Offending," written by Emilie Steffensmeier. The paper discusses the content of the article and looks at the author's views and arguments related to theories of crime that take into account female and gender difference.
From the Paper
"Possibly the most significant of the key components is the focus on contextually. This aspect has been largely ignored by other theoretical approaches. The study is also significant in the incorporation into its theoretical framework of gender roles and stereotypes in the explanation of crime. For example, the significance and utility of the gendered perspective as advocated by this theory can be seen it its ability to explain why the reportage of female crime is highest in the category of minor offences, such as shoplifting ands passing bad checks. This aspect is seen against the tendency for women to focus on relationship aspects and protection of their families, whereas these crimes in a male context are largely the result of status protection. It is felt that this gendered theory holds a great degree of promise for future exploratory understanding of this complex issue"
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Criminal Justice Organizations, 2008.
This paper determines the impact of occupational socialization and political power abuse on the criminal justice sector.
1,448 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how the police force, courts and corrections are influenced by occupational socialization and their power and political behavior. The paper shows how the high level of occupational socialization tends to corrupt the police department while its affiliation with often indiscrete political officials results in corruption of the court system. The paper brings evidence from the events following the 9/11 attacks on the United States and maintains that more than loyalty and leadership will be needed to find an accurate balance between power, politics, loyalty and socialization within criminal justice systems.
From the Paper
"Occupational socialization refers to the extent to which professionals within a certain sector and/or workplace connect and socialize with each other. A high level of socialization may for example lead to a high level of loyalty within the organization, whereas a low level of socialization may lead to a higher level of individual creativity and contribution. Socialization is integrated not only with the type of organization in question, but also with the organizational culture involved. In terms of criminal justice, occupational socialization plays a particularly complex role in the police force."
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Problem-Oriented Policing, 2008.
An examination of two articles - "Gangs" and "School Safety" from the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) website and their views on problem-oriented policing.
1,209 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces and analyzes the topic of problem-oriented policing. Specifically, it discusses two articles from the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services (COPS) website and describe the approaches these articles use to address crime problems. The articles are entitled "Gangs" and "School Safety."
From the Paper
"School violence is much more than gang activity today, it can also come from outside the school in the form of vagrants, parents, and even strangers who are looking to kidnap or harm students, or even students themselves, who go on violent rampages and kill faculty and other students. While these activities are much harder to predict, there may be many indicators that are being overlooked in this area as well, and so, law enforcement agencies must educate parents, educators, and those who deal with students, from bus drivers to counselors and even school security guards, to be on the lookout for any unusual or potentially dangerous activities. If the same indicators can be identified for this type of violence, then there may someday be a way to target schools that might pose a higher threat for other type of safety issues, such as gun violence and child abduction, and this will ultimately lead to safer schools and safer students."
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Lobbyists and White Collar Crime, 2008.
This paper discusses white collar crime, specifically in the case of
lobbyists and their politician allies.
1,948 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the white collar crimes of lobbyist, Jack Abramoff, former House of Representatives majority leader, Tom DeLay and California Congressman, Duke Cunningham. The paper paints a picture of how lobbyists act essentially as brokers between corrupt businesspeople and interest groups, and between the politicians who can make those persons still richer and more powerful. The paper therefore shows how lobbyists and their politician allies are true white collar criminals, bending the law in non-violent ways to serve their own selfish ends.
From the Paper
"Crime is not always violent or obvious; rather it often lurks beneath the surface of respectable activities and individuals. White Collar Crime is one of the most pressing problems in today's society, particularly within the realm of politics. Lobbyists and their allies frequently employ underhanded methods to gain influence and enrich themselves. American taxpayers are bilked out of millions of dollars and subjected to crooked policies, all at the behest of clever operatives who claim to work for the public good."
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The French Justice System, 2008.
A look at the justice system in France.
2,717 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper offers both an overview of France's geography and political structure and a profile of the economic, social, political and economic situation. The paper briefly looks at the nature and extent of France's crime situation and then examines the French justice system; the legal tradition of France, the police forces and the court system. Finally, the paper discusses justice relations between France and the US.
Outline:
France: An Introduction
Present Crime Situation
The Justice System
France and the United States: Justice Relations
From the Paper
"Republique Francaise (French Republic) is the official designation of the French nation, whose history and culture is known the world over. France as most people know it is a country that produces excellent wines and cheeses, has a language that belongs to the romantic languages, and whose capital city - Paris - is known as the city of lights and have been written about as one of the most quixotic and passionate cities in the world. Although ultimately a victor in World Wars I and II, France suffered extensive losses in its empire, wealth, manpower, and rank as a dominant nation-state."
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