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Reading and Math, 2007.
This paper discusses the role of reading in mathematics.
2,280 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the connection between math and reading skills and how to improve both skills in students. The paper explains that it may be that the same areas of the brain are used for arithmetic and phonological skills. The paper discusses how the critical problem facing the adoption of new techniques, such as the use of journals in the math classroom, is that teachers do not have the support needed to continue with the new technique.
Outline:
Why is Reading Important to Math?
Strategies for Improvement
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Reading and math were historically thought to be in no way connected. Much time in primary math classes are spent memorizing math facts. With the exception of the occasional word problem, reading skills were virtually ignored as a component of math success. However, the role of inquiry in mathematics is gaining importance as the role of critical thinking becomes tied to the job skills needed as an adult. The new technology paradigm requires the adult to be able to analyze complex situations and to develop solutions to the problems that they encounter."
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John Wilder Tukey, 2007.
An analysis of the important statistical contributions of John Wilder Tukey.
741 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life of John Wilder Tukey, who was a mathematician. It describes Tukey's upbringing and his introduction to mathematics. The paper discusses Tukey's most important statistical work, which was the way he presented his evaluation of "spectra time series". It then describes the three major contributions of Tukey according to Regents of the University of Minnesota.
From the Paper
"Tukey's first official school was at Brown University where he took both his Bachelor's Degree and the Master's Degree in Chemistry. Since he was interested in mathematics, he pursued his Ph.D. at Princeton University in 1937. Lefschetz supervised Tukey's research and Tukey eventually received his doctorate in 1939 with a dissertation in Denumerability in topology that was published in 1940 as Convergence and uniformity in topology (O'Connor and Robertson, 2004)."
"Tukey became a mathematics instructor at Princeton and joined other famous statisticians and mathematicians during the World War II to study the statistical mathematical problems of artilleries and weapons. This study covered the computations and calculations of how to accurately target traveling objects. In 1945, he was enlisted at AT&T Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill. By 1965, he wrote a manuscript entitled Mathematics in Computation with J. W. Cooley wherein he presented the Fourier transform algorithm."
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Regression Analysis, 2007.
A regression analysis used to explain whether police use different standards of severity when dealing with resident versus non-resident drivers in Florida.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses whether police use different standards of severity when dealing with resident versus non-resident drivers in Florida. The paper uses the regression analysis, which estimates the significance of the variation of the dependant phenomenon with the independent and the influence of the latter on the former. The paper explains its analysis and shows that a relationship does exist.
From the Paper
"The hypothesis is tested with the confidence level of 95%, thus the allowed chance of rejecting no relationship between the variables when there is actually this relationship, is 5%. Decreasing the confidence level to 90% will give more errors in the model and the model did not result in better relationship. Having carried out this multifactor regression, the result revealed that there is no statistically significant relationship between the over speeding and the fact that the person is a resident or non resident and the gender of the person. The first problem with the model could be the very data set as out of the 536 observations in the population, only 136 were the cases when people were none residents. Thus, the results could be distorted. The R2 in the model is extremely low and reveals that very little variation in the severity of this crime could be explain by the factors in the model. P-values are low only for the intercept and none-residence factor."
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Math Achievement in African-American Males, 2007.
An analysis of the differences in mathematical achievement between African American males and White males.
5,741 words (approx. 23.0 pages), 44 sources, MLA, $ 138.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on mathematical achievement in African-American boys versus their white counterparts. It addresses risk factors such as family income, mother's education, single-parent households and a non-English primary language. The paper discusses the works of theorists Lev Vygotsky, Jerome Bruner and John Dewey regarding this issue.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Limitations
Literature Review
Summary of The Literature Reviewed
From the Paper
"The African American male was not expected to achieve in educational areas of management and accounting studies evidenced in the statement related in the work of Dantley and Leonard (2006) who states that a participant related that: "I only indulged myself in my studies to the degree that I was satisfied that I could do math up to multiplication and division of fractions and decimals and it was good enough for me for what was I going to do. I wasn't going to be doing any math. To be a laborer, all it's going to require is to run a piece of machinery." (p. 42) additionally a participant stated: "We don't have no industry out there and the industry that is out there, they're not targeting the Black community and saying, "If you go and get more math, then I can guarantee you this." (p. 45) and finally: "I have hopes. My expectation is that (my son) will graduate from high school. If he doesn't, it's no big deal...My expectation for him is to probably be no worse than I was. Just to pass." (p.46) (Dantley and Leonard, 2006)"
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Hyperbolic Geometry, 2007.
An examination on using M.C. Escher' "Circle Limit III" to instruct students in hyperbolic geometry.
2,279 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how, though not always apparent, there are a number of significant connections between mathematics and art. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the fundamental similarity between math and art can be exploited as a means to teach difficult mathematical concepts to students. To show how this could happen, a particularly complex--if intellectually intriguing--mathematical concept is explored: the concept of distance in hyperbolic geometry, specifically in a Poincare disk.
Outline:
Introduction
Context: What Is Hyperbolic Geometry?
Context: Who Is M.C. Escher?
Developing an Appropriate Class Project
Conclusions
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Since mathematics education produces singular anxiety for many students, this confluence with art presents significant possibilities for the imaginative educator (Granger 10). It is possible that we could, as educators, use art as a physical and visual means of explaining complex mathematical concepts in other than abstract terms. Over reliance on complex equations and difficult language can and will stymie many students. By endeavoring to ground mathematical theory in artistic reality, students can leans mathematical lessons in the process of seeing how math and art aren't really all that dissimilar."
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John von Neumann, 2007.
An analysis of the mathematical and scientific contributions of John von Neumann.
2,009 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses John von Neumann's contributions to the fields of quantum physics, functional analysis, set theory, economics, computer science, numerical analysis, hydrodynamics, statistics and other mathematical fields. The paper also discusses his contribution to the creation of the hydrogen bomb. It goes on to describe some of his most influential achievements.
From the Paper
"John Von Neumann inarguably contributed a wealth of knowledge to the development of computers, and without his contributions the face of technology today would be primitively underdeveloped. However, Neumann may have canceled out the "good" he did in an act of self-fulfilling equivalent exchange with his work in the realms of math and science with the contributions he made to warfare and massive weaponry. The name Von Neumann is associated as much with the Atomic Bomb as it is with computer programs (Wilson), and Neumann may have had even more devastating projects on the horizon at the time of his unexpected death from cancer. During the Second World War, von Neumann worked as a consulted to both armed forces and civilian agencies that were involved in wartime projects. Neumann's genius was in high demand, and he was able to design an implosion method for bringing nuclear fuel to explosion, as well as playing an integral part in the development of the hydrogen bomb. (Cabrera) According to one of Neumann's biographers, "It has been stated that von Neumann's electronic computer hastened the hydrogen bomb explosion on November 1, 1952." (Bochner)"
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The Statistical Lie, 2007.
This paper explores how statistics can often be misleading and delusional.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that one of man's greatest fears is that of the power of numbers. The paper demonstrates how statistics are used to misrepresent, under-represent or over-represent an event, occurrence, situation or phenomenon. The paper defines statistics as a set of numeric values obtained by way of a measurement process. This process can be either one of observation or direct testing. The paper reveals that the most widely used means whereby researchers lie is with statistics, usually for increased profits and sensationalism. The paper illustrates how companies can use a self-selecting population for survey results, or they use obscure definitions and data sets that mislead consumers.
From the Paper
"For most people numbers are nothing more than a hodgepodge of digits that are bewildering and oftentimes meaningless. As a result individuals often prefer to judge events, occurrences, phenomena, and situations from a traditionalist point of view wherein reason, conclusion, and inferences are made on the basis of past experiences rather than on best practices policies. Justification for historical acceptance is usually based on a fear of numbers and a lack of willingness to extract meaningful information from them. For those accepting of the alternatives, statistical tools have been devised wherein it is possible to extract meaningful information from data and interpret whatever the data holds as its' secret."
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Josiah Willard Gibbs, 2007.
This paper looks at the life and achievements of American scientist, Josiah Willard Gibbs.
1,544 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer studies the character of Josiah Willard Gibbs, a mathematician and physicist. The writer discusses that he managed to achieve great things during his lifetime and lead the world on to greater and better scientific discoveries. The writer points out that Josiah Willard Gibbs has been recognized as one of the greatest American scientists of the nineteenth century. Further the writer notes that it is Gibbs who managed to provide a sound thermodynamic foundation to physical chemistry, to America and to the entire world.
From the Paper
"The second work that Gibbons published in the same year was "A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces". From the years from 1876 to 1878, Gibbs published two memoirs, which were later to be combined into one work, entitled, "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances". Added to this, Josiah Willard Gibbs has contributed to various other spheres, like for example, crystallography, the determination of planetary and comet orbits, and also to electromagnetic theory. The most interesting phenomenon that Gibbs managed to achieve was that he made the practical side of science appealing and fascinating. Gibbs was also recognized as a 'theoretical physicist' of international stature, and he received a patent in the year 1866 for an improved type of railroad brake."
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Dyscalculia, 2006.
A discussion regarding the academic developmental disorder, dyscalculia.
1,683 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews dyscalculia, an academic developmental disorder that is believed to affect about 3 to 6 percent of the population. According to the paper, an individual with dyscalculia may struggle with a number of different issues such as, linguistic skills, perceptual skills, attention skills and mathematical skills.
From the Paper
"Dyscalculic individuals can usually learn the sequence of counting words, but can have trouble moving back and forth, especially in twos, threes or more. Estimating numbers is also more of an issue in comparison to others their age. With dyscalculia, the lack of understanding number magnitudes, which is typical of children in the age group of 7 to 11, is absent. Math vocabulary may also to lead to problems for students, especially when they have to use several different words at a time, such as "add," "plus," and "combine" that can be used interchangeably. Other terms, such as "hypotenuse" and "to factor" do not occur in normal discussions and must be learned specifically for mathematics. At times, an individual may understand the underlying concept but not how to use a specific term correctly."
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