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| Term Paper # 75557 |
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Ethanol, 2006.
A discussion of the pros and cons of using ethanol as an alternative fuel in vehicles.
1,267 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the possibilities of using ethanol as an alternative fuel in vehicles. It examines the chemical composition, procedure of preparation and blending, as well as the pros and cons of using the substance, from an economic, environmental and practical point of view.
From the Paper
"Any biological feedstocks that contain certain amounts of sugar or any material that can be converted into sugars such as cellulose and starch can be used to produce ethanol. Some examples could be sugar and sugar cane. Starch containing feedstocks such as corn can also be converted into sugar. A plant is significantly composed of a substance called cellulose which is a form of starch that can also be converted into sugar but with greater difficulty compared to the regular starch."
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Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 2005.
This paper researches the implications of the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex (VI) requirements on the sulfur content of fuel oil.
7,365 words (approx. 29.5 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 162.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the MARPOL Annex VI protocol is concerned with the prevention of ship-source air pollution in the form of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx) and other air-borne pollutants, but a number of challenges remain in terms of its effectiveness and enforceability, which are the subject of this study. The author points out that the research showed that the maritime industry continues to be the largest unregulated source of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions and represents serious long-term challenges to providing viable ozone standards in coastal regions. The paper concludes that any option that involves extensive re-blending or refinery processing changes, which will almost certainly produce a marine fuel substantially different in quality than the industry standard for the past 50 years have, will be costly and therefore driven largely by economic forces. Tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Research Questions
Research Methodology
Review of the Literature
Background and Overview
Operational Aspects of a Sulphur Limit on Marine Fuels
Analysis and Discussion
Implications, Effects, and Challenges Faced by Operators, Owners, Authorities on the Low Sulphur Cap
Invest in Residue Desulphurisation (RDS)
The Availability of Low-Sulphur Fuels in the Future
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Article 211 of the 1982 LOS Convention provides the general guidelines for vessel-source pollution; for example, Article 211(3) requires the port state to notify others, through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), of requirements to be met before a vessel is permitted to enter the port state's territorial waters. Today, the IMO has around 160 members and is headed by a secretary-general, who serves a four-year term and oversees a Secretariat staff of approximately 300--one of the smallest UN agency staffs. All members are represented in the Assembly, the IMO's primary policy-making body, which meets once every two years. The Council, originally consisting of 24 members but subsequently increased to 32 (a 1993 resolution suggested an increased membership of 40, but it remains unratified); the Council meets twice each year and is tasked with governing the organization between Assembly sessions."
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Scientific Investigation of Hazardous Materials, 2006.
Five hazardous materials are identified and classified in tables: Chlorine, Phosgene, Acetylene, Hydrazine and Phosphorus.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper describes these scientific materials under the following titles: Product Identification
Product Labeling
Physical Properties
Extinguishing Media
Special Procedures for Fire Fighters
Special Equipment
Health Hazards
From the Paper
"Highly toxic gas: Do not approach without vapor protection and appropriate protective clothing.
Small Spills:
- Isolate area 100 ft in all directions.
- Protect .2 miles downwind from spill during day, .8 miles downwind during night.
- Chlorine maybe absorbed in solution of caustic soda, soda ash or hydrated lime."
Large Spills:
- Isolate area 800 ft in all directions.
- Protect 1.5 miles downwind from spill during day, 4.6 miles downwind during night.
- Chlorine maybe absorbed in solution of caustic soda, soda ash or hydrated lime.
If fire is present:
- When possible, remove containers to avoid explosion.
- Use water only for smaller fires, do not use chemicals: Control run-off to avoid pollution.
- Once fire is extinguished, continue to cool containers: Avoid overcooling, as icing may occur.
- In case of large fire, use unmanned hoses or withdraw from the area. Explosion can occur.
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Zeolites, 2006.
An extensive study on zeolites and its functions.
1,181 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper offers an extensive research on zeolites which are silicate minerals composed of silicon, aluminum and sodium. It gives a technical definition of zeolites, its uses and properties. The author also discusses catalysts and their importance. In conclusion, it discusses specific modifications of zeolites.
Introduction
Zeolites as Catalysts
Importance of Catalysts
Zeolites as Ion-exchangers
Zeolites as Adsorbents
Uses of zeolites
Properties of Zeolites
Modification of Zeolites
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The unique channels and high surface area of zeolites provide these materials with a high adsorption capacity and shape-selective adsorption. Zeolites have been used to adsorb a variety of materials, which includes applications in drying, purification and separation. They can remove water to very low partial pressures and are very effective desiccants, with a capacity of up to more than 25% of their weight in water. They can also remove volatile organic chemicals from air streams, separate isomers and mixtures of gases."
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Pyruvate Decarboxylase, 2006.
Describes the enzyme known as pyruvate decarboxylase.
1,907 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the functions, structure and activity of pyruvate decarboxylase. The paper also explains that the enzyme is very stable, and extremely easy to purify as well as its kinetic property and the oxidation processes for the enzyme. Additionally, the paper describes the anaerobic conditions of pyruvate decarboxylase and the three stages of aerobic respiration. Numerous figures are provided throughout the paper to help explain the topic.
From the Paper
"The curve for v[S], the same as pryuvate decarboxylase, shows that catalytic activity inside of the enzyme has to be regulated by a substrate. The inactive enzyme can only be activated by 2-oxo acids and 2-oxo acid amides. These cannot be a substrate inside of the enzyme. The actual dissociation constant completely depends on electrophilic nature of a carbonyl group, the structure of the activator molecules are completely independent from the saturation concentration of the catalytic activity."
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All About Dyes, 2006.
An introduction to dyes and a look at an experiment in dyeing material.
1,898 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a brief history of dyes, discussing both the origins and development of natural dyes as well as the development of synthetic dyes. Next, the paper describes the experiment the author of the paper conducted in an effort to scientifically discover which natural dyes work the best when dyeing plain cotton cloth. The description of the experiment includes a list of the materials used, an explanation of the procedure used in the experiment, a discussion of the results obtained, and a look at what can be concluded from the experiment.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History
Synthetic Dyes
Materials
Procedures
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Color fascinates us! Different colors are being combined every day to add flavor to life. Today cloth can be made in any color of the rainbow. To dye something means to stain, or give new permanent color to. Natural dyes have existed for a long period of time in many different countries. Years ago, reds and browns were the most common colors used for clothing. They were mostly made from a variety of berries and barks. Blues and purples were the most difficult to make. Most dyes were obtained from animal, fruit, and vegetable extracts. The pigment of the substance used is taken out, and a cloth is submerged in the coloring solution. Finally, a dazzling new color is stained onto the cloth."
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Tuberculosis, 2006.
This paper examines the symptoms, effects and treatment of tuberculosis.
1,855 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper contains in-depth research and and statistical information on, tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by bacteria that can attack any part of the body but usually centers on the lungs. It is estimated that approximately 1/3 of the global population is infected with TB and that 7 to 8 million new cases are diagnosed each year. The writer details the symptoms of the disease and how it is spread. This paper also focuses on the current treatments available as well as the problem of drug resistant TB which is now increasing in prevalence in the U.S. and internationally.
From the Paper
"In many countries infants and small children now receive a vaccine for TB known as BCG. It is not widely used in the U.S., but in countries where TB is common. However, BCG does not always protect people from TB. So, when taking a skin test, people who have been vaccinated with BCG may have a positive reaction. This may not mean the person has the disease. It could be due to the vaccination."
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Louis Pasteur, 2005.
This paper discusses the work of French scientist Louis Pasteur, who revolutionized the studies of chemistry and biology.
805 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the implications and applications of Pasteur's work extend into differing areas including human health and medicine and the food industries. The author points out that Pasteur alone was responsible for boosting and saving many of France's most important and lucrative industrial sectors such as wine, silk and farm animals. The paper relates that Pasteur's findings on germs and vaccinations are still applied to human medical practices today; he was the first to demonstrate that injecting small amounts of a weakened strain of bacteria would render an organism immune from this bacteria's detrimental effects.
From the Paper
"Pasteur's first major discoveries related directly to France's wine industry. Though yeast was already known to be the precursor for fermentation processes, Pasteur developed a deeper understanding of the process of fermentation. For example, he noted that while yeast causes the primary fermentation of a substance into alcohol, unwanted germs and bacteria can cause the product to sour. Applying his research to both the wine and beer industries in France, Pasteur discovered that heating the products kills the germs and therefore prevents the formation of souring agents like lactic acid. His process, called pasteurization after the esteemed scientist, was quickly applied to milk. Pasteurization works especially on substances like wine, beer, and milk, which contain large quantities of sugars: When microorganisms invade those substances, they interact with the sugars to cause souring."
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Keystone Compounds, 2005.
An examination of how the utilization of keystone compounds in chemical education can benefit and enhance instruction.
9,251 words (approx. 37.0 pages), 27 sources, APA, $ 191.95
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Abstract
This study examines the role ferrocene plays in the chemistry curriculum beginning with introductory chemistry through advanced studies in chemistry. The findings of the study indicate that ferrocene, when introduced in the basic concepts of chemistry and then continued as example and practice in analytical and advanced investigations, facilitates an overall understanding of chemical concepts while maximizing exposure to general, analytical, inorganic and organometallic concepts. Ferrocene becomes in essence a "one stop shop" for understanding.
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data Analysis
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Consistency in learning methods is essential to cognitive retention. The utilization of similar compounds as example, practice and teaching aids can facilitate better understanding of material through familiar experiences while at the same time enhancing the teaching experience. The defacto method of chemical education is to utilize classic textbook teaching of building on foundation concepts throughout the curriculum. While this methodolgy works well, it can be improved. Selecting one or more compounds to use as a foundation, "keystone" compound, would benefit both student and teacher. Currently in literature, there are copious examples throughout the college career that equates to confusion. By defining compounds that embody general chemistry, organic, inorganic, physical and analytical properities throughout the levels of chemical education, students understanding would greatly improve. The universities would also benefit due to the consistency expected at each level. Identifying such compounds would also lend itself to saving funds by limiting the compounds students are exposed to."
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