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Freezing Point Depression, 2005.
A description of a chemistry experiment involving freezing point depression.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a chemistry experiment involving freezing point depression by ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. The experiment tested the effects of these two alcohols on the freezing point of distilled water. From the experiment results, the paper calculates freezing point depression, molarity of the alcohols, density of the alcohols and purity of the alcohols.
From the Paper
"This laboratory examined how the colligative properties of solutions affects their freezing point of ethyl alcohol..."
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Reaction Kinetics, 2005.
A description of a chemistry experiment looking at the kinetics of cooling water.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper is a writeup of a chemistry experiment examining the reaction kinetics of cooling water. The paper includes graphs of temperature vs. time. The paper shows how to determine the reaction rate from the slope of the line of the graph.
From the Paper
"This laboratory looked at reaction kinetics. A thermometer was suspended in a large test tube with a clothespin so that it was not touching the sides or bottom. The thermometer was allowed to come to room temperature..."
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Escape of CO2, 2005.
A chemistry experiment studying the escape of CO2 from Seltzer water.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a chemistry experiment that examines the escape of CO2 from Seltzer water into distilled water, and from a solution containing NaCl into a solution containing CaCl2. The paper demonstrates that the escape of the gas was measured at 5-second intervals until the volume of gas did not increase.
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Reaction Rate, 2005.
A chemistry experiment about reaction rates.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a chemistry experiment looking at the various factors which affect reaction rates. The paper studies the affects of temperature, surface area and catalysts (NaCl and vinegar) on the dissolution of Alka Seltzer tablets. The paper demonstrates that increases in time and surface area as well as the presence of a catalyst shortened the time needed for the tablets to dissolve.
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Phase Changes of Water, 2005.
A write-up for an experiment regarding phase changes in water from solid to liquid to gas.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a chemistry experiment, which studied phase changes in water from solid (ice) to liquid (water) to gas (steam). The paper describes the experimental method, gives the results, and analyzes the data in terms of Kinetic Molecular Theory and the effects of pressure on boiling water.
From the Paper
"In this lab, the heating curve generated when ice makes the transition between solid to liquid to gas was investigated. The boiling point and current atmospheric conditions were compared at the locations where different students..."
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Charles' Law, 2005.
A write-up of a chemistry laboratory experiment based on Charles' Law.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This is a write-up of a chemistry laboratory experiment looking at Charles' Law, which states that at constant pressure, temperature and volume are directly proportional to each other. The paper describes two experiments: (1) a gas is heated and its temperature and volume change noted and compared; and (2) a candle is burned in an inverted test tube set in a pan of water. The paper describes that as the oxygen in the tube is used up, water rises in the tube, and when there is no more oxygen left the flame is extinguished.
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Chemistry at Home, 2005.
An examination of the electrolyte properties of substances commonly found at home.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper is a write-up of a chemistry experiment looking at the electrolyte properties of substances commonly found around the home, including salt, sugar, baking soda, isopropyl alcohol, Windex, calamine lotion, coffee, liquid soap, vitamin C, lemon juice, soda pop and antacids. The electricity conducted by each of these solutions was recorded.
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Boyle's Law, 2005.
A discussion of Boyle's Law and its application to chemistry.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper is a write-up of chemistry experiments exploring Boyle's Law. The paper looks at changes in pressure accompanying changes in volume of the gases propane and butane. Graphs are plotted of the results to see if the gases obey Boyle's Law of the volume being inversely proportional to the pressure when the temperature remains constant.
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Acids and Bases in the pH Scale, 2005.
An overview of acids and bases from a chemistry and biology perspective.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a detailed overview of acids and bases in the pH scale, including the history, characteristics, types, and Ka values with chemistry and biology applications. The paper covers seven main parts: the history starting with the Romans; the definition of both an acid and a base; the characteristics of acids and bases; types of acids and bases; how to determine an acid number; the relationship between acids and bases to the pH scale; and aqueous and self-ionization solutions. I. Introduction A. What do acids and alkalines have in common? 1.To test whether temperature affected the acidity of different liquids. 2. The complexity and fascination of such project. 3. If different types of liquids were utilized, then temperature would certainly make a difference, however minimal. II. History A. The history of acids have dated back centuries. 1. The Romans first coined the term acidus. 2. Lavoisier's work with acids. 3. Predecessors, such as Arrhenius. III. Definition of acid A. The definition of acids have been controversial at times. 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. The Bronsted definition 3. The Lewis definition IV. Characterizing acids in general B. The nature of acids 1. Sourness 2. Dissolving in water V. Types of Acids A. Strong acids 1. Fundamental characteristics. 2. Dangerous 3. Larger Ka values B. Weak acids 1. Fundamental characteristics 2. Smaller Ka values 3. Equilibrium watch VI. Characterizing Bases. A. Bases are the opposite of acids 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. Characteristics B. Strong and weak bases VII. Acidity A. Acid number has a lot of relation to everything else 1. Determining acid number 2. Acid numbers importance B. pH is the epitome of research 1. Aqueous solution 2. Self- ionization 3. Definitions
From the Paper
"What do acids and alkaline truly have in common? The history of the understanding of an acid is relatively old. Dating back to the Roman Empire days, came the word that we derived acid from, acidus, meaning sour. Around the 1800s, French chemists erroneously believed that all acids contained oxygen, including the famed Antoine Lavoisier. Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist in the mid 1800s and a Nobel laureate, did a few experimentations with acids, and came up with concocting a definitive, chemically sound definition of an acid. Later on, in the 20th century, the partners Bronsted and Lowry initiated theories about acids using and published the acid-based concept. The most pragmatic research of acids and bases came from the American chemist Gilbert Lewis. Ever since then, the idea of acids and base has been widely recognized, although the definitions of such terms have been rather controversial."
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The Chlorination of Drinking Water, 2005.
This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of chlorinating drinking water.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the direct application of gaseous chlorine from pressurized steel containers is generally the most economical method for disinfecting large volumes of water. The author points out the types and sources of water pollution extend far beyond the ability of this single treatment process; therefore, American consumers should be aware that additional pollutants may continue to be present in their drinking water despite the best efforts of water treatment experts to make it safe. The paper suggests that taste or odor problems can be minimized through proper dosages of chlorine at the treatment plant with a residual concentration maintained throughout the distribution system to ensure a safe level at the points of use.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Analysis
Background and Overview
Current Applications
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Healthcare practitioners have long recognized that small amounts of toxic substances can sometimes have beneficial effects for humans, and this would seem to be the case with chlorine as well. As a chemical, chlorine is a toxic, corrosive, greenish yellow gas that is irritating to the eyes and respiratory system; it is two and a half times heavier than air. The substance becomes a liquid at -34C (-29F) and was first prepared from hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxide in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele; chlorine was widely regarded as a compound until research by Sir Humphry Davy showed (1810) that it cannot be decomposed and that muriatic (hydrochloric) acid is comprised of hydrogen and another true element that he named chlorine."
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