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Women and Relationships: Evolutionary Standpoint, 2008.
This paper discusses human sexual behavior and mating choices from a female evolutionary standpoint, focusing special attention to how the roles of women have changed in modern society.
1,348 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the study of human sexual behavior and human sex differences, which has been approached from many different points and in recent years has been viewed through the lens of evolutionary theory. Evolution tries to explain human bodies, and also human minds and behaviors, and it explains not only vague human potentials and capacities but also things far more specific about ourselves than we had thought possible. However, despite agreement on the evolutionary theories, many writers could not accurately explain the idea of human mating choices. Earlier theorists and writers have adhered to the earlier concepts of mating and choices of men and women while changes developed in their roles. For example, women became more open in their relationships with men instead of being a subdued partner. This paper discusses the way these changes have been seen in the current roles of women.
Outline:
Introduction
Changes & Researches
The stereotypes
Preferences for Short & Long Term Relationships
Attractiveness
The Other Side of Beauty
Working/Powerful Women
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The perception is that males assign so much importance to attractiveness that when constrained they ignore personal attributes that appear to be critical for the viability of a long-term romantic relationship. A major drawback of explanations based on social theories is that they do not specify why people in diverse societies assign great importance to attractiveness in the first place. Because attractiveness signals attributes that are crucial for reproductive success, attractive people are pursued by many as potential mates, inculcating and reinforcing their beliefs about their greater desirability compared to unattractive people. The possession of highly sought-after traits would allow attractive people to be choosy, demanding, and less compromising in relationships. Attractive women were perceived to be vain, dishonest, less moral, to have a lack of concern for others, and to be more sexually provocative than less-attractive females. Such a cluster of negative attributes or the other side of the attractiveness stereotype is difficult to explain on the basis of social theories of stereotype formation. An alternative explanation would be that attractive females do, at least occasionally, engage in behaviors that are not held in high regard, thereby giving the 'darker side of beauty' some basis in truth (Alley & Hildebrandt, 1988). The stereotypical belief that attractive women are not very faithful, although consistent with the findings of the darker side of attractiveness, creates a puzzle as attractive women are also rated as most desirable for a long-term relationship. This shows that the female must offer some other qualities as well."
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Endangered Marine Life, 2008.
An analysis of the effects of pollution on marine life.
2,723 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this research paper is to provide an analysis of the pseudorca crassidens, phocoenoides dalli, and Cephalorhynchus eutropia. Information about the phylum, class, order, family and genus, as well as background information and the effects of human interaction are provided for each species. Because the effects of pollution are similar for all three species and marine life in general, the paper closes by providing a section dedicated to pollution and its effects on these species, marine life in general and human beings.
Outline:
Introduction
Pseudorca Crassidens - False Killer Whale Species
Effects of Pollution
Effects of Human Interactions
Efforts to Control Pollution or Humanitarian Efforts
Phocoenoides Dalli - Dalli's Porpoise
Background on Species
Effects of Human Interactions
Efforts to Control Pollution or Humanitarian Efforts
Cephalorhynchus Eutropia
Background on Species
Effects of Human Interactions
Efforts to Control Pollution or Humanitarian Efforts
Effects of Pollution on Marine Life
From the Paper
"Pseudorca crassidens are not a species of dolphin that humans tend to hunt for commercial purposes, thus they live is slightly less influenced by human interaction than other species. However, many are caught as "bycatch" most commonly in places that allows "long-line fishing" (MarineBio.org, 2007). Some believe however, despite the fact that these dolphins or marine mammals are not hunted specifically, may be "genetically extinct, with less than 80 or so species found off the coast of Hawaii" where these mammals typically swim and linger (MarineBio.org, 2007). Because of the lack of genetic diversity there is some risk for mutations, which ultimately will lead to their demise. At this point there is little humans can do to correct past wrongs to remedy this situation. "
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Neurocreation, 2008.
A look at the proposed life of a jelly fish thousands of feet below sea level.
3,033 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes a jellyfish living at 3,000 feet below the surface of the sea. It describes the key functions of this jellyfish, including procreation, locomotion, fight or flight, courtship, distance (smell) and touch (taste) reception. The paper concludes that the jellyfish described in the paper is able to combine most of the senses, locomotory impulses, sexual behavior and eating of more sophisticated organisms with a fairly straightforward and primitive nerve system. The paper includes an image of the jellyfish, several illustrations, and a table.
Outline:
Introduction
Primary Morphology of the jellyfish
Morphology of the Jellyfish
Anatomy of Major Cell Groups
Muscle Cells
Eyes
Skeletal Cells
Tentacles
Feeding, Locomotion, Courtship, Fight or Flight
Nerve Action: Smell
Central Nervous System Morphology
Proprioceptive Nerve Impulses
Vision Nervous Response and Courtship/Mating
Feeding and Satiety
Locomotion Detection
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"When the jellyfish tentacles touch a body, sense (taste) elements determine if it is food or a predator. It will sting whatever it comes in contact with; the chemicals in the poison are predigestion chemicals, which combine with the cells of the stung creature in a way that breaks cell membranes and releases chemicals which the sensory (taste) bundles in the tips of the tentacles can use to determine if the creature is food or a predator. In the case of a predator, the jellyfish will not activate the "bring to stomach" mode; in the case of food, the jellyfish activates muscles which cause contraction of the tentacles, which are attached to the prey via the physical hooks of the stingers. The default is "food," in which case poison darts are injected and the food is pulled up to the gut. The morphology of the tentacles is such that, by contracting, the tentacles automatically move towards the gut in a coordinated fashion."
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Cell Adhesion, 2008.
This paper discusses cell adhesion and looks at its implications for human development.
3,240 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that upon close examination, the enormous complexities of the human body become increasingly clear and it is truly a wonder that everything works together as well as it does. A number of developmental and regulatory processes contribute to this remarkable development, including cell adhesion. The writer points out that in fact, if it were not for the bipolar nature of water and neural cell adhesion molecules, the cellular composition of humankind would not even be possible. To determine what cell adhesion is and what its implications are for human development, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature, followed by a summary of the research and salient findings in the conclusion. This paper includes figures.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
Implications of Disruptions in Cell Adhesion
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Indeed, many fortuitous practical outcomes have been serendipitously realized through such scientific discoveries, but this one in particular appears to hold some exciting promises for improvements in the human condition in the years to come as the Baby Boomer generation continues to reach retirement age and begins to increasingly experience the ravages of diseases associated with old age.
"Cell adhesion it not restricted to the human species, of course, but plays an important role throughout the animal kingdom. Early studies of cell adhesion resulted in the discovery of cell adhesion molecules which have been shown to guide the fundamental processes by which animals achieve their ultimate shape and form, and by which nervous systems are formed."
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Hypertension, 2008.
This research paper discusses the prevalence of hypertension in the U.S.A.
6,564 words (approx. 26.3 pages), 22 sources, APA, $ 150.95
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Abstract
In this research, the writer notes that the issue of hypertension is one that has become a serious medical and healthcare concern over the last decade. The writer further points out that the prevalence of hypertension is seen by many medical experts as a critical issue in terms of its affect on national health and on the economy and society in general. This paper analyzes and discusses the prevalence of hypertension with regard to its general effects on the health profile of the United States and on the different sectors of the population. Prevalence is also analyzed in terms of important variables, such as race, gender and age. The paper also includes tables and colored graphs.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Definitions and Overview
Literature Review
Methodology
Prevalence and Distribution
Overview of the United States
Age
Race and Gender
Other Demographic and Population Variables
Causative Factors
Summation and Conclusion
References
Appendix
From the Paper
"The central methodological approach that was used in this dissertation was a comprehensive and inclusive collation and analysis of the available literature on the subject. A variety of sources, including offline and online databases were consulted in order to structure a central database of theories, views and data on the issue of the prevalence of hypertension.
"Many of the studies and research articles available deal with the more in-depth medical understanding of this problem. Throughout the initial phases of the study and in the process of writing, the focus was on the theme and implications of the prevalence of hypertension. This central focal trajectory was used in the selection of material and in the assessment of the available statistical and other data. The aim of this approach was however not be exclusionary or selective but rather to analyze the material available as it reflected on and related to the central concern of hypertension relevance."
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Rainforest Depletion, 2008.
This paper looks at the causes and potential effects of rainforest depletion.
2,588 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that tropical rainforests are arguably the most precious natural resource on the earth and constitute the world's most diverse biological eco-system. The writer points out that unfortunately, rainforests are being destroyed at an alarming and unsustainable rate and may even disappear completely within a few decades if the present rate of their depletion continues. In this paper the writer discusses the causes of rainforest depletion and the potential catastrophic effects of their rapid destruction.
Outline:
Causes of Rainforest Depletion
Direct Causes
Underlying/ Indirect Causes
Potential Effects of Rainforest Depletion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Commercial Agriculture is different from slash-and-burn farming and refers to large-scale farming of cash crops such as sugar, palm oil, natural rubber, coffee, cacao, and tropical fruits by business corporations. Such large-scale farming contributes to deforestation in a number of ways. The very meaning of 'cash crops' means that the commercial agriculture in only interested in maximizing his profits by using modern machinery, fertilizers and pesticides and is not bothered about the environment. A specific example of commercial agriculture is the palm-oil plantations in the South East Asian countries that have replaced vast tracts of tropical rainforests, especially Indonesia in the recent past. Widespread use of agrochemicals by commercial agriculture companies results in contamination of crops, soils, and ground water and the occupation of choicest land by influential corporations force the subsistence farmers further out into the forests leading to indirect deforestation."
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The Dermatological System, 2008.
Looks at the way stress affects the dermatological system.
1,175 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the skin as an organ can experience a very wide range of disorders, it is not generally known that stress also affects the skin's ability to remain healthy. The author describes anatomy of the skin as a human organ. The paper relates that some of the ways in which stress affects the skin includes the redirection of blood by adrenaline, which causes the skin to become pale and lackluster, the prevention of blood flow, which cuts down on oxygen and vital skin nutrients and an increase in cortisone secretion, which suppresses the body's natural immunity. The paper relates that, although many dermatologists are still debating whether stress actually causes skin disorders, they do agree that stress definitely triggers or aggravates skin conditions like acne, hives, eczema, psoriasis, rosacea and herpes simplex.
From the Paper
'Somatic factors include the use of certain legal and illegal drugs, obesity, malnutrition, metabolic disturbances, circulatory disturbances, immunologic deficits or abrupt changes in the turgor (i.e., the resiliency) of the skin. Some of the defining characteristics of impaired skin integrity include "a disruption of the surface of the skin," such as with cuts and scrapes, "the destruction of cell layers and the invasion of structures of the body through the skin, such as with stabbing and cutting."
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Heavy Alcohol Use and the Brain, 2008.
A review of the effects of heavy alcohol consumption on the brain.
2,365 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that there are many studies into the long-term effects of heavy alcohol use and notes that it may lead to shrinkage of brain material. This in turn may lead to short-term memory deficits. The paper also relates that it is known that heavy alcohol use impairs the hippocampus which affects memory.
Outline:
Introduction
Brain Shrinkage and Short Term Memory Loss
Hippocampus Activity and Memory Loss
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As discussed earlier in the essay, heavy consumption has been associated for some time that with reductions in the numbers of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain. The forebrain cholinergic neurons are distinguished into two groups, those of the basal ganglia and those of the basal forebrain. The cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain project to the cortical regions, and the most rostral of these project to the allocortical regions such as the hippocampus. Therefore reductions in numbers of these cholinergic neurons will lead to reductions in activity of these allocortical regions, including the hippocampus. It is also possible that alterations in modulatory transmitter inputs such as cholinergic innervations may also play a role in the reduction of hippocampus activity without the actual loss of cholinergic neurons themselves. However in tests which have been performed on rhesus monkey models it has been shown that hippocampal activity reduction which is related solely to these alterations in modulatory input and not reductions in numbers of cholinergic neurons are unrelated to observed changes in memory function of any kind (Calhoun 475). This does not mean however that the reduction in hippocampal activity related to actual loss of cholinergic neurons does not lead to degeneration of memory function."
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Otoacoustic Emissions, 2008.
Discusses the meaning and value of otoacoustic emissions (OAE).
4,235 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 112.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that otoacoustic emissions or OAEs are low-intensity sounds produced by the normal cochlea and by the cochlear outer hair cells as they expand and contract. The knowledge of the function of OAEs has provided new breakthroughs and insights into early intervention and treatment of deafness. The paper then describes the four types of OAEs, as well as ways to test, assess, and measure OAEs. Additionally, the paper discusses their clinical use and prognostic value. The paper concludes that their overall recognized value is in supplying information about cochlear function, which indicates hearing problems. This unique capability holds many promises.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Anatomy
Types
SOAEs
TOAEs
DPOAEs
SFOAEs
Measurements
Clinical Use
Low-Level OAEs Predict Susceptibility to Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
OAEs Can Cause Hearing Loss without Ear Damage
Recreational Hearing Loss
Tympanic Perforations
Retrocochlear Dysfunction
DPOAEs in Older Adults
Hearing Conservation Programs
Prognostic Value of OAEs
Perspectives
OEAs and Hearing Conservation Programs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It has been proposed that OAEs are located in the peripheral portion of the eighth cranial nerve. These emissions appear to perform an instant modulation of frequency in the basilar membrane. Experts have established that directional hearing and noise reduction depend on inter-aural difference. They have, therefore, found it difficult to believe that a process could be working against these factors. Sound used to elicit an emission is transmitted through the outer ear. There, the auditory stimulus is changed from an acoustic to a mechanical signal at the tympanic membrane."
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The Spread of Bacteria on University Campuses, 2008.
A discussion of the impact of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus on American University Campuses.
8,634 words (approx. 34.5 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 182.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the impact of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus on American university campuses. The paper explains that methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) gained public fame as the notorious "flesh eating bacteria." MRSA is serious because, unlike non-resistant forms of Staphylococcus aureus, it does not respond readily to a host of antibiotics commonly used to treat such illnesses. This paper utilizes the results of a survey done on MRSA and university students to develop a plan that can be used by American college campuses to help control the spread of MRSA among the student population. The paper points out that MRSA is typically associated with a hospital setting, but as outbreaks began to occur that were obviously not of a hospital origin, a new classification system was developed. The paper then looks at how this classification system has more to do with disease prevention and community health than clinical treatment of the disease.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 3: Methodology
Chapter 4: Results
Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusions
Appended is a survey questionnaire
From the Paper
"MRSA has been the subject of many clinical studies. There is an abundance of information one the various drugs that have been developed to help combat the disease, its history and mutations, and methods of control in various populations. A majority of the literature has focused on MRSA in the healthcare setting. However, there is a growing body of literature that addresses MRSA in settings other than in hospitals. The reason for this growth in interest regarding Community Acquired MRSA is the growing number of outbreaks on college campuses, particularly among sports participants.
Literature focuses on the clinical aspects of control and treatment. However, there is little information on the reason for the growing concern on college campus."
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