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Biometric Information, 2007.
This paper argues that the gathering of biometric information does not invade privacy, but in fact protects it.
1,166 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents evidence that information collected by biometric companies does not threaten the public's privacy. The writer argues that the information gathered is not a threat to public privacy concerns and in fact can be useful for several reasons. The writer maintains that the ability to identify people using biometric information has recently come under fire by opponents who believe that gathering information is an invasion of people's property. The writer insists that while there are some seemingly valid arguments for erring on the side of privacy the actual technology and use of the information is not a constitutional breach of privacy nor should it be considered a violation of privacy.
Outline:
Introduction
What It Is
What Types of Information Qualifies for Biometric Identification
History
Opposition
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Today's technology allows for the gathering of information including fingerprints, DNA, voice recognition and other elements of each person that are not easily replicated by any other. In some cases, such as the case of DNA strands, the match between two people is sometimes estimated to be one in 100 million or more. While some people believe that the gathering of biometric information is an invasion of privacy they are already submitting to it perhaps without realizing that is what is happening. Many banks currently use fingerprints and scanners to provide identification as to whether or not to allow a person to withdraw money from the bank."
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Animal Rights, 2007.
This paper explores the subject of animal rights and looks at the debate over animal experimentation.
909 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the nature of animal rights necessarily converges upon the modern debate of animal experimentation. After all, the writer points out, if it is morally acceptable to experiment upon animals, then one has said something important about the extent to which non-humans can have rights within society. Additionally, the writer notes that one can make further claims as to the type of experiments that are morally justifiable and precisely which animals may be afforded any rights. Overall, the writer maintains that the case for animal rights must center upon what types of organisms can reasonably be protected under the law -- if they can voluntarily act under the confines of law.
From the Paper
"First, it must be established that human societies have been formed for the mutual advantages of those within them. Each person, as a member of society, is required to contribute something to its overall functioning, and in doing this, they are allowed to receive the contributions of others. So, the criterion for becoming a legal member of a society is that you are able to freely choose to make a contribution or not. So, despite the observation that animals may be able to contribute something to human life that is mutually beneficial--like a puppy providing us with happiness and us providing it with food--it is irrational to assert that animal species should be allowed to choose whether to enter into this bargain or not. Society is not designed, and cannot be designed, for animal benefit in general; only specific examples of mutual advantage can be found. Therefore, not all animals can have legal rights as citizens."
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Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2007.
This paper discusses weapons of mass destruction, which pose a legitimate threat to world safety today.
2,068 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer looks at several different types of weapons of mass destruction, which, when in the wrong hands, can do a great amount of damage. The type of weapons of mass destruction mentioned include biological weapons, chemical weapons, nuclear weapons, and radiological weapons. Throughout this paper the writer discusses the various types of weapons of mass destruction and looks at what the individual weapons are called. The writer then examines what these weapons can do and mentions the symptoms of these weapons. Further, the writer explores how they are used and the precautions that can be taken to protect society from them.
From the Paper
"Although anthrax may be the most well known biological weapon, there are several other biological agents which can be used as weapons that are worth noting. These include the Ebola virus, Bubonic plague, Yellow Fever, Smallpox, Ricin, Botulism toxin, Saxitoxin, Rocky Mountain spotted Fever, Typhus, Q fever, and others."
"Biological weapons are not used strictly to attack humans; instead they may be used to attack crops and animals as well to disrupt an area's agricultural supply. Additionally, by attacking the agricultural supply, this may be a way of transmitting the biological weapons to human beings."
"One way to prevent succumbing to some forms of biological weapons is through good hygiene, in much the same way one can prevent the spread of everyday bacteria and viruses."
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"Darwin on Trial", 2007.
A review of the works of Phillip E. Johnson, particularly his book "Darwin on Trial."
1,870 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the views of Phillip E. Johnson, who is considered one of the important leaders in the "Intelligent Design" movement, which is an offshoot of "creationism" and has been used by those who oppose evolution. The paper describes his book, "Darwin on Trial" as a good one to read for those who want a balanced look at both sides of the current debate between the ideas of evolution and the ideas of creationism.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Brief Summary
Critical Interaction
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Phillip E. Johnson is considered one of the important leaders in the "Intelligent Design" movement, which is an offshoot of "creationism" and has been used by those who oppose evolution, or are in the belief that "evolutionists" are ignoring the role God played in the construction of Earth and the universe. Johnson's books have become an important tool in the hands of fundamentalist Christians, evangelicals and other conservative Christians. Johnson is not a scientist, he is a law professor, with a specialty, he writes on page 13, of "...analyzing the logic of arguments and identifying the assumptions that lie behind those arguments." The fact that he is a lawyer who employs "logic" and critically analyzes "assumptions" gives him the license he needs to painstakingly critique the "relevant scientific information" relating to evolution. His book is a good one to read for those who want a balanced look at both sides of the current debate between the ideas of evolution, and the ideas of creationism (or "intelligent design")."
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James D. Watson and DNA, 2006.
A review of 'The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA' by James D. Watson.
3,083 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses one of the most significant scientific discoveries of the twentieth century, the discovery of the helical structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). According to the paper, Watson revealed this discovery in his book, 'The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA'. This paper reviews Watson's book and the fact that DNA was not discovered by a single person, nor by a group of scientists. The DNA discovery was the result of a complex series of advancements, discoveries and inspirations by many independent groups.
From the Paper
"Watson next goes on a series of European excursions and vacations; including being able to finally listed to Pauling. When he returns to Cambridge in the fall, Watson exhibits less preoccupation with DNA, and hears of the discovery by some bacteriologists that some bacteria actually reproduce sexually. This causes Watson to muse that the microbial genetics of them could be understood within a few years after DNA's structure is discovered. In the meantime, Watson writes that Franklin's X-Ray data "were getting prettier and prettier," (Watson 148). Furthermore, he credits her with obtaining the data indicating that the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA was actually on the outside of the molecule; still, "She gave no sign . . . of liking helices any better," (Watson 148). Watson continues to explain his faith-based understanding of DNA when he writes, "The idea of the genes' being immortal smelled right," (Watson 153). After this leap of inference, however, Watson learns that Pauling is about to unveil another discovery regarding DNA; this worries most everyone at Cambridge. "
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The Peregrine Falcon, 2007.
An overview of the peregrine falcon and how it was threatened with extinction.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the peregrine falcon, which has one of the longest migrations of any North American bird, moving some 15,500 miles in a year, from the tundra to South America. In particular, the paper looks at how the US put the American peregrine falcon on the federal endangered species list in 1970 and how, during the past two decades, the bird has made a dramatic recovery.
From the Paper
"The American Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum) was delisted in the Entire Range on August 25, 1999, with habitat conservation plans underway by numerous agencies in several states, including California, Washington, and New Mexico (Species). On October 05, 1994, the Arctic Peregrine Falcon was delisted in the Entire Range, and at present there are no habitat conservation plans underway (Species). The Eurasian Peregrine (Falco peregrinus peregrinus) is currently designated as Endangered in the Entire Range, however according to the FWS, there are no habitat conservation plans underway, nor refuges reported (Species)."
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Cerebral Cortex, 2007.
This paper examines the physiology and function of the cerebral cortex.
6,425 words (approx. 25.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 148.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the role of the cerebral cortex in the human brain. The physiology of this part of the brain is presented in detail. Additionally, the function of the cerebral cortex is discussed, especially in light of new scientific research. The paper also examines the evolution of this part of the brain. The author also considers the relationship between the cerebral cortex and intelligence. The author concludes that cognitive psychologists strived hard to learn more about the structure and functions of cerebral cortex. The neurons of the cerebral cortex exert the highest level of regulation in the status of the nervous system.
Outline:
Introduction
Cerebral Cortex-Physiological Structure
Cerebral Cortex and intelligence
Cerebral Cortex-Properties
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The cerebral cortex refers to a structure of brain among the vertebrates that takes into account humans as well. As the outermost layers of the cerebrum are normally of grey color, it is commonly called as grey matter. The grey matter is constituted by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers and the white matter the layer below the grey matter is constituted primarily by myelinated axons. This links the various regions of the central nervous system. The thickness of human cerebral cortex measures up to 2 to 4 mm which is 0.08 to 0.16 inches and normally is folded. The outermost layer of the cerebral cortex in respect of higher animals, particularly among the higher mammals, appears to be folded. As a result of this many grooves on the outermost layer of the brain known as sulci are formed. There also exist some ridges on the outermost layer of the brain known as gyri. Such folding of the cortex enhanced the cortical surface area. (Cerebral cortex: Wikipedia)"
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Primate Language, 2007.
An examination of language development, focusing on primates' ability to communicate.
838 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how language educators and researchers continue to debate how language is developed in humans. The paper further examines the differences between humans and other higher primates regarding language. The paper explores how, in order to gain more insight on how language evolved in early humans, researchers closely study language acquisition in primates.
From the Paper
"What Stokoe finds most interesting is the turning of the head, just as signers of American Sign Language turn their head and gaze to mark a change from one part of a complex structure to another. Concludes Stokoe: Children are fortunate that elementary sign language preceded spoken language. As people get older, they forget how they used their bodies, eyes and heads. However, once speech is acquired at another stage and a person is fully articulate, it is still possible to go to "Nevada or Oklahoma and enter into conversation with a chimpanzee." "
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The Columbian Exchange, 2007.
An analysis of the roots, purpose and significance of the Columbian Exchange.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the Columbian Exchange, an accidental byproduct of the Old World coming together with the New World which provided a forum for the exchange of many things including plants, animals and disease. It further discusses how the Columbian Exchange provided a massive transformation of the world's eco-system which had a significant impact on mankind.
Outline:
Introduction
How the Process Began
The Not so Nice Side of the Exchange
Understanding the Environmental Impact
Significance
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The beginning of what is now referred to as the Columbian Exchange arrived during the second voyage to North America by Christopher Columbus and the 1,200 men he brought with him. It was at that time that Europeans arrived on North American soil. This event triggered a massive transformation of the global ecosystem because the arrival of the Europeans sparked the beginning of the two areas of the world sharing and trading flora, fauna and disease(Columbia pp). It was a time in which the Old World met with the New World and neither side was prepared ecologically for the onslaught that the introduction of eco-system elements to the environments would bring. "
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Marine Ecology, 2007.
This paper explores marine ecology with a focus on organisms' specialized adaptations.
787 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper defines marine ecology as how plants and animals in a marine setting interact with the physical attributes of a water-dominated environment, such as in the major oceans of the world which are predominately saline. The paper shows how a great variety of animals and plants have managed to adapt themselves to this often harsh environment in order to survive and flourish. The paper relates that one particular adaptation is the application of camouflage, meaning that some marine animals are capable of disguising themselves in order to elude predators. The paper demonstrates how flounder, mussel, the sponge and barnacles have adapted themselves to their marine environment.
From the Paper
"One particular adaptation is the application of camouflage, meaning that some marine animals are capable of disguising themselves in order to elude predators. A specific type of camouflage is called disruptive coloration, best illustrated by certain types of fish that are striped or spotted or have external markings or colors that blend in with the environment, making it very hard to see them when set against a sandy or rocky bottom. A prime example is the flounder, a flatfish belonging to the families of Pleuronectidae or Bothidae and well-known for its ability to conceal itself on the ocean bottom to primarily escape detection by predatory fish."
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