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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 2007.
This paper discusses the tissue disease of systemic lupus erythematosus.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that is also simply called lupus. The writer explains that this is an inflammatory connective tissue disease which is manifested in variable signs and symptoms. The writer notes that this condition may affect multiple organ systems with immune complexes and a large array of auto antibodies, particularly antinuclear antibodies. Further, the writer points out that there are also genetic factors that play a role in the development and expression of SLE and environmental factors may also trigger the disease in genetically susceptible hosts.
From the Paper
"The cause of SLE is still unknown. This is an immunologic disorder with the production of auto antibodies. There are different triggering factors of this disease which includes sunlight exposure. Specific medications could also trigger SLE. They initiate immune response in individuals who are susceptible to develop SLE. The two most common of these are Hydralazine and Procainamide. Some anticonvulsants, antiemetics, antituberculars and antibiotics could be among those that trigger this disease."
"The pathophysiology of this disease is not completely known. Studies show that the production of abnormal antibodies by B cells remains the hallmark sign of lupus erythematosus. Such auto antibodies like anti double-stranded DNA and anti-Smith, are very specific for systemic lupus erythematosus. Anti-RNP, anti-Rho and anti-La, are also present in other autoimmune diseases. Whether the B cells themselves are intrinsically abnormal is a subject of current research. One of the underlying deficiencies in SLE may be emphasized on apoptosis, or programmed cell death; cellular antigens exposed during apoptosis incite an immune response."
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Gestational Surrogacy, 2007.
This paper discusses different kinds of surrogacy and argues that gestational surrogacy is not the best type.
1,653 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents the types of surrogacy and then develops the arguments which emphasize that gestational surrogacy is not the best type. Next, the writer presents a solution for replacing commercial surrogacy, followed by a brief presentation of non-commercial surrogacy. Further, reasons for which the writer considers non-commercial surrogacy to be better than gestational surrogacy are presented. The end of the paper presents a brief conclusion of all the arguments which have been stated. The writer maintains that gestational surrogacy should be replaced in all cases by non-commercial surrogacy, a practice that would allow a closer relationship between the parents and the surrogate mother and would be able to develop under the jurisdiction of several law stipulations.
From the Paper
"Even though in the recent years it seems that the authorities in many parts of the world have understood the reasons for which people choose this practice and, in addition, they attempted to offer support through law and several facilities - for example, in the state of Virginia the law is especially suitable for facilitating surrogate arrangements, and independent legal advice on this issue can be provided to appropriate couples through our consultant network -, there are still many reasons for which gestational surrogacy is still not an overall accepted practice. Among these reasons there might be encountered the ethnical issues it might create, the lack of proper legislation regarding the norm and cultural problems as well. Even though, the practice cannot be totally forbidden, because in this way many couples would be left without the chance of having their own children."
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Bark Scorpions, 2007.
An analysis of the habitat and activities of the bark scorpion.
914 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the bark scorpion of Southwest North America. It discusses the preferred conditions and habitat of the bark scorpion and how it acquired some of the other names that it is known by. The paper also discusses the danger of the bark scorpion and their relationship to people, including reports of previous fatalities from bark scorpion stings.
From the Paper
"The scorpion's preferred temperature is a night above 70 F. Scorpions are active at night, and spend their days where it is cool and moist. Scorpions have extra layers of fat on their exoskeleton to retain water. Scorpions get most of their water from their food. They feed on a variety of insects, spiders, centipedes, and even other scorpions. One unique feature of the Bark Scorpion is, while most scorpion species are solitary in nature, they may be found in groups of 20-30. Also, much to the distress of many homeowners (where bark scorpions also make their homes) "the bark scorpion is also one of relatively few species that are able climbers" (Gouge et.al, 2007). Because of their small size, the Bark Scorpion is sometimes called the Home Scorpion, because it is the species most commonly found in infested homes."
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Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2007.
An analysis of the debate over the ethics of embryonic stem cell research.
1,848 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the background to and the ethical debate over embryonic stem cell research. The paper begins by discussing the production of stem cells in the body. It then discusses research into stem cells. The paper analyzes both sides of the debate over whether stem cell research is ethical and cites examples of how the research can be used for medical advancements. The paper concludes that a unanimous opinion on the ethics of conducting embryonic stem cell research may not be possible in a pluralistic society.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Many otherwise terminal or incurable and life-threatening conditions may be cured by embryonic stem cell research (Kulka 2005). Research should be viewed as aligned with the mandate for respect and in the light of an absence of suitable substitutes. Furthermore, specific procedures and limitations suggested by the NIH already insure that federally conducted research would be consistent with the respect, which should be shown embryos. NIH guidelines included banning commercialization of embryos. Informed consent from donors should be included among the requirements. Sufficient and careful limitations for the conduct of embryonic stem cell research will establish adequate respect for the embryo as a form of human life (Kulka) to satisfy objections and allow the research to proceed in its pursuit to save lives rather than destroy, neglect or allow them to simply wither away."
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Animal and Plant Domestication, 2007.
An analysis of the domestication of plants and animals in the context of the genetic research model.
1,202 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses animal and plant domestication. It summarizes the anthropological approach to domestication and briefly compares it to the genetic research model. The paper evaluates domestication as a process in the puzzle of developing a record of early man. The paper then compares archaeological evidence as it applies to the animal record and the plant record.
From the Paper
"The archaeological record with regard to plant domestication includes a number of variable evidences. These evidences can be sought through examination of a chain of evidence in the record. A behavioral change occurs, in the manner that people are interacting with the plant, a genetic change occurs in the plant and a morphological change occurs where the plant becomes different in the record. Utilizing this chain the archeologist can look at a whole myriad of evidence seeking everything from geological changes wrought by human intervention, such as landscape alterations that indicate agricultural clearing and a general disturbance of the area for the purpose of planting, evidence of human intervention to obtain water for irrigation as well as specific comparative changes that have occurred within the plant itself, through comparison of wild species with suspected domesticates as they appear regionally, side by side in the record. (Smith 16)"
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Global Warming & the Ecosystem, 2006.
A discussion regarding global warming and its effects on the ecosystem.
2,742 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the impact that global warming has on human communities and ecosystems, and how it represents a great challenge for the entire planet. The paper reports that specialists recommend we try to find alternative sources of energy, and meanwhile, use less of the fossil-fuel energy. The paper further discusses the Kyoto Protocol.
Outline:
Abstract
Historical Perspectives of the Problem
The Impacts on and Responses of Humans or other living organisms to the Environmental Variation
Changes in the Ecosystem and Biosphere Structure
Ecosystem Dynamics Relative to Repair and Restoration
Economic Costs and Social Costs of the Ecological/Environmental Impact
Prevention and Public Awareness Effort Aimed at the Problem
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another issue is represented by the more and more often natural disasters like storms, floods and hurricanes that damage and even destroy people's establishments. The regions most vulnerable to sea-level rise are river deltas such as the Nile delta in Egypt, the Ganges in Bangladesh, the Yangtze and Hwang Ho in China, the Mekong and also the United States that could loose 8000 square miles (20,000 km2) of land, valued at about $650 billion, and 30-80% of its coastal wetlands . Insurance companies are also affected by the natural disasters that come along and in order to avoid bankruptcy they try to develop new strategies on the market and diminish the risks."
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The Sustainability Movement, 2006.
An in-depth look at the sustainability movement and the current ecological and environmental issues.
3,323 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the sustainability movement. Specifically, the paper discusses the definition of the sustainability movement, reviews examples of the movement and focuses on sustainability and natural resources. The paper reports that the sustainability movement is gaining ground in the United States and around the world. The paper goes on to discuss how, in order for the planet and her people to survive, the world's people must embrace the sustainability movement, for modern man is using up the Earth's resources at an alarming, and perhaps catastrophic rate.
Outline:
I. Introduction
a. Thesis Statement
II. Define Sustainability
a. Use national and International Definitions.
b. Also Define Sustainability and Natural Resources.
III. Describe the Sustainability Movement
a. Biodiversity
b. Ecology
c. Community
d. Commerce
e. Natural Resources
f. Biosphere
IV. Biodiversity
a. Describe how Biodiversity and Sustainability Support One
Another.
b. Use "biodiversity in food" to Show How Consumers can make a
Difference When They Buy Food.
V. Sustainability and Natural Resources
a. Describe how the natural world works in relationship to
sustainability.
b. Discuss the Overfishing of the Oceans.
c. Discuss Genetic Crops
d. Discuss the Natural World and the Effects of Global Warming.
e. Discuss Other Natural Resource Issues, such as Animals
Displaced by Global Warming and Other Issues.
f. Problems
g. Application of Elements.
VI. Education and Sustainability
a. Use Goodall Institute information to show how educating
children now can create future sustainability leaders.
VII. Create new sustainability project that has to do with natural
resources. (Create a local, accepted currency.)
a. Identify and Describe Project.
b. Explain how to pitch it to community, including businesses it
would affect.
c. Problems and Solutions.
VIII. Conclusion
From the Paper
"Creating the program relies on support from local businesses and banks, and thus, it would need to be "pitched" to local businesses and banks. The most difficult aspect of convincing others would be that the community currencies work, and help grow local businesses. Using models on the east coast as an example of successful programs should be an aspect of the pitch. For example, Ithaca, New York created "Ithaca Hours" which are worth $10 (the average hourly wage in Ithaca). The dollars became so popular that local credit union employees took part of their salaries in "Hours," and a newspaper grew to advertise participating businesses and offer low-cost ads for businesses who accepted the Hours. Many other communities have created their own currencies as well, and the models for these endeavors should be used to convince the local community that it can work and it can help the economy (Swann and Witt). "
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Ecology, 2006.
A look at ecology in relation to environmentalism.
919 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the subject of ecology. According to the paper, ecology can be defined as the study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and how such distributions are affected by interactions between organisms and their environment. The paper reports that ecology could be said to be the core science that impacts our knowledge of environmentalism.
From the Paper
"One of the fundamental shifts within ecology in the modern era is the inclusion of human ecology within the discipline. While human ecology itself has been included within the study of ecology for well over half a century, it only gained prominence in the late 1970s. Human ecology deals with how humans as organisms affect the environment as well as other organisms. This field is perhaps the most important development to environmental science in the past century precisely because now we have a much deeper understanding of how and why humanity influences the natural environment around us, deeply contributing to our awareness and knowledge of environmental damage and the harmful affects of pollution. Overall, it is evident that ecology has expanded at a tremendous pace because it has increased the scope that the field itself examines. By including human ecology as one of its disciplines, ecology now takes on significance not only as a scientific field but in both economic and political terms as well."
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Theories of Race and Ethnicity, 2007.
This paper looks at different works to examine theories of race and ethnicity.
1,123 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the concept of race. The writer points out that the concept of race is not valid from a biological point of view, due to what has been discovered through DNA research. The writer claims that the work of Michael Banton and Henry E. Hale, and the essays of Michael J. Bamshad / Steve E. Olson and Satel give the reader plenty of ideas from which to cull out the meaning of "race" and "ethnicity." The writer concludes by pointing out that there really is no "race" per se; the world is made up of cultural groups based on their own attraction and relationship to others of like cultures.
From the Paper
"That said, the issue is more complicated than merely saying that race and biology are now officially divorced, and that is simply because medicine is involved. And in the past, when medicine became intertwined with race, ethnic peoples of color and biology, a reader learns to his utter horror, shame and brutally callus disregard for human life, is sometimes not far behind. For example, Satel explains that when the "Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment" was conducted (hundreds of sharecroppers - African-Americans - were part of the experiment but never told they had syphilis), those humans (incredibly) were not given penicillin, and many died. Using humans as guinea pigs in a study of what happens to the body when syphilis is left untreated borders on the viciousness of some of Nazi Germany's "human experiments" on innocent Jews."
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Organ Transplants, 2006.
A review of Dr. William Beschorner ideas regarding organ transplantation.
846 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses Dr. William Beschorner and his belief that organ farming is a solution to the lack of organs readily available for donation and transplantation. According to the paper, specifics of his research deals with how to get the human body to adopt an animal organ, as it is the natural response of our bodies to reject anything alien.
From the Paper
"The core concept behind his revolutionary research is that by injecting cells from a potential donor into the host, the host will be able to accept transplants later on. This technique was successfully used between sheep and pigs. Beschorner used this technique to inject bone marrow from sheep into fetal pigs. As a result, the pigs were born with a tolerance to sheep cells. The pigs that were produced ultimately are transgenic, which means that they have genetic material from two different species within their body. Using the same strategy, he was able to transplant the aorta of these pigs into sheep with strong acceptance rates. He has found that "the tolerance goes both directions, the pig become tolerant to the sheep cells, and the sheep cells in the pig are programmed to become tolerant to pig cells" (NPG). This revolutionary technique is what Beschorner wishes to adapt to the next stage of his experiment. In one experiment, Beschorner grafted pig hearts onto the necks of the sheep. As a result, the sheep's blood would flow through the heart but it didn't replace the sheep's own heart. Such experiments demonstrated that only seven of the thirty five within the test actually experienced vascular rejection, whereas all of the sheep receiving hearts from unmodified pigs exhibited vascular rejection."
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