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Cosmology and The Big Bang Theory, 1995.
Looks at the evolution of theories concerning the origins and nature of the universe.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Cosmology and the Big Bang Theory
Overview
Since the beginning of human history, there have been questions about where the "stuff" that composes our universe comes from. In cosmology, the study of the origin and evolution of the universe, theories are put forward to explain the known facts and assumptions about the stars and everything we know and sense.
There are "steady state" theories that propose that everything in the universe is pretty much the way it always has been. The steady state theory posits that the universe is contained within a "closed" system, and so the assumption could be made that the universe extends for a vast though finite distance in all directions. However, in 1823 a German cosmologist named Wilhelm Olbers asked the question, "Why is the sky dark at night?" Olbers ..."
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Plate Tectonics on Venus, 1993.
A look at the discoveries relating to Venus' geology with the Earth's crust including plates, rifts, etc.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 14 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"Plate Tectonics on Venus?
The plate tectonic theory is now widely accepted as a unifying basis for the physical geology of the earth as a whole. Not only does it explain most of the tectonic phenomena on Earth, but a number of key points have been well substantiated by paleomagnetic and seismologic studies (4). Venus, Earth's nearest neighbor, and similar in size, density, and age (8) might be expected to have similar tectonic activity. Indeed Soviet and U.S. explorations of Venus during the 60's and 70's revealed several features that could be interpreted as past or ongoing tectonism (Fig. 1). These included large calderas and arachnoids suggesting volcanism, dome uplifts, low ridge belts on planes, high mountain belts, heavily deformed areas called tesserae, and the circular coronae unique to Venus (9). Now that the..."
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Exploration of Mars, 1993.
A look at the Bush administration's plans including schedule, costs, technology, goals and problems.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine the planned exploration of the planet Mars by the United States, including consideration of President George Bush's call for such exploration, timetables involved, methods to be used, the goals of such exploration, and what potential problems might be encountered.
Bush, as Aviation Week & Space Technology reports, "ordered that at least two substantially different proposals be drawn for new man missions to the Moon and Mars . . . Bush's action reflects a widely held view among top Administration officials that space exploration should substantially improve the nation's technological capabilities and economic leadership" (Aviation, "Bush Calls," 1990, p. 18).
We see, then, that Bush was trying to spur both the exploration of space by the National Aeronautics and Space..."
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Chemical Weathering on Mars, 1993.
Analyzes the planet's geologic processes compared to Earth.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 13 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Chemical Weathering on Mars
Recent high pressure experiments have provided insight on the chemical composition of Mars' mantle (11:2239). Such studies indicate that 15.7 percent of the planet is composed of metal..a large proportion of which is iron (11:2239). It is estimated that partial melting of this mantle produces an iron.rich basaltic magma which generally reaches the planet's surface via massive shield volcanos and fissure eruptions (5:90). The extrusion of this turbulent, low viscosity lava has resulted in thinly disseminated iron sulfide mineralization over large areas of Mars (5:90). In addition to these iron.rich flows, the red planet's surface is also characterized by large accumulations of basaltic ash (7:2237). These deposits..some of which are meters thick..have undergone variable degrees of weathering (10:24). It ..."
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Volcanic Activity on Venus, 1992.
Examines evidence gathered from the spacecraft Pioneer Venus.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"This study will discuss the evidence that there is volcanic activity on the planet Venus.
In fact, there is evidence both that there has been in the past considerable volcanic activity, and that there continues to be such activity. Pioneer Venus, the spacecraft which has been orbiting that planet since 1978, has been able to create a map of the geologic features of Venus with the use of radio waves and microwaves , and that map has clearly revealed "volcano-like structures" (Prinn, 1985, p. 46).
In addition, there is evidence that not only has there been volcanic action in the past, but that there is ongoing volcanic activity on the planet. That evidence comes in the form of a "thick, permanent layer of clouds" hanging over the planet, a cloud layer which prevented the direct camera sighting of the ..."
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"Space" by James Michener, 1991.
A critical analysis of the work on the origins and development of the U.S. space program and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Space by James Michener deals with the United States' space program, from its earliest explorations with rockets after World War II to the Viking probes of the other planets in our solar system. As with all of Michener's books, Space is well-researched, and the reader can be educated about the many facts of astronauts and space shuttles while being entertained by the fictional characters that the author has created.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has its birth as the second World War is concluding: Michener traces the steps of German scientist Wernher Von Braun (one of the "real" people in this book) and young rocket maker Dieter Kolff as they flee from Hitler's Nazi regime. Hitler had hoped that experts like Von Braun would provide instruments to help him win the war, but there was a defection, and Stanley Mott, an American..."
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Black Holes in Universe, 1990.
This paper contends that existence of black holes in the Universe is still theoretical because there are no measurable or observable phenomena.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Black holes, sometimes called "collapsars," are a class of astronomical object which has attracted great attention both from astrophysicists and the general public in the past two decades. According to theory, if an astronomical body is large or dense enough, its gravitational escape velocity will exceed the velocity of light: thus no radiation from it can escape to the outside Universe. It disappears within an "event horizon." Such an object, from which not even light can escape, would seem to be undetectable, yet black holes are of great interest to astronomers and physicists. A number of indirect methods of detecting black holes have been proposed, and indeed a number of black hole "candidates" have been identified. However, black holes remain a theoretical construct, since no persuasive indirect observational evidence has been found that would rule ... "
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The Sun, 1990.
Origin, nature and physical features.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Except for the Earth itself, the Sun is the one body in the Universe in whose fate human beings are most immediately concerned. Its light and heat make life on Earth possible, and the steadiness of that light and heat over four billion years of Earth's history made it possible for that life to evolve and survive. This paper will be devoted to a brief examination of the Sun's nature, origin, major characteristics, and probable fate.
The sun is a star. It is often called an "average" star, though stars vary so much in size, energy output, and other characteristics that to call any star average is in a sense misleading. But the Sun is indeed roughly intermediate among the various classes of stars. The most luminous known stars are roughly a million times brighter than the Sun, while the least.."
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The Sun, 1988.
Discusses the origin, function, dynamics, sun spots, solar cycle, in context of universal creation and composition.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
" The purpose of this paper is to describe the origin, function, and dynamics of the sun, including sunspots and the solar cycle.
In order to describe the birth of the sun it is necessary to also discuss the origin of the universe and the formation of the solar system. For even though these happenings occurred billions of years apart, each one led to the formation of the other and they are all related. What makes this even more complicated is that throughout the history of man, there have been many theories concerning these astronomical occurrences, and there are still differing opinions among scientists. The most widely accepted and well-known opinions will be presented here."
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Halley's Comet, 1987.
Discusses discovery, composition, nucleus, 1986 passage, probes from Earth, tail, solar wind and general comet data.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 31.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will discuss Halley's comet using several current sources which deal with topics such as how a comet works, what causes the comet to be what it is, what new discoveries have been made and what research has been done or is being done on Halley's Comet.
Very recently has come the first unambiguous evidence of organic molecules in the nucleus of Halley's comet. The evidence from recent examination of the infrared spectrum of the comet shows emission by the carbon-hydrogen bonds of a solid in the dust grains surrounding the nucleus of the comet. The temperature of the dust is about 400 K.(a determination made by Giotto, the European comet probe), and yet the wavelength emissions match those observed from bacteria in the library. A dust analyzer on the Giotto shows that the dust is composed of (...)"
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