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Palladian Architecture, 2004.
This paper discusses Palladian architecture, a natural form of architecture initially invented by Andrea Palladio, but really defined by Inigo Jones and Thomas Jefferson.
3,420 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Palladian architecture did break new ground as seen in the Villa Rotonda outside Vicenza, but others working in a more fluid tradition brought residential architecture to a level of sophistication now known as Palladian architecture. The author points out that Inigo Jones, court architect to Britain?s Stuart Kings, James I and Charles I, familiar with Palladio?s ideas, created and completed almost 50 buildings in and around London; the Queen?s House at Greenwich, taking nearly 20 years to complete, is a Palladian masterpiece, exceeding the Villa Rotonda in almost every way. The paper relates that Thomas Jefferson, founding father and President of the United States, was the architect who best expressed Palladian ideas, as seen by his own plans for the University of Virginia and his own home Monticello.
Table of Contents
A Beginning
Making Palladio?s Ideas into Palladian Architecture
An American Genius Expresses Palladio?s Ideas
From the Paper
"Palladio was at home with such clients. Born in Padua in 1508, Palladio was an assistant stonecutter and mason in the Vicenza guild before meeting an amateur architect, Giangiorgio Trissino, who tutored him. Palladio executed some commissions for the aristocracy in the Classic tradition, arguably an unbroken line from Ancient Rome until the Renaissance. It wasn?t until later in his career, the 1560s, that he moved into religious buildings. In 1570, ten years before his death, he published "I Quattro Libre del?Architettura". So it was in hindsight, in any case, that he made claim to his mathematically precise systems of design, and to the principles gained from visual arts as well a his principle of relating his buildings to nature. Palladio?s works are said to lack the grandeur of the works of many other Renaissance architects. Perhaps. But if so, they do not lack for at least lip service to the embellishments that help establish that grandeur. On the peaks of the loggia roofs and on the wings of the loggia steps, Palladio places monumental, classical statuary figures."
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The National Gallery Museum, 2004.
Discusses a history of this London art museum and some of the more famous paintings housed there.
1,078 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The National Gallery Museum is home to some of the world?s most famous paintings, including "Venus and Mars" by Sandro Botticelli and "Sunflowers" by Vincent van Gogh. This paper presents a history on the museum, including the addition of the Sainsbury wing and then describes several paintings stored in the museum. It also provides an architectural description of the museum.
From the Paper
"The atmosphere of the Early Renaissance gallery is sophisticated, accessible and subdued. Lighting is a combination of artificial light and natural light that is automatically controlled and "delicately balanced" (Venturi, Scott Brown & Associates). The wing takes advantage of natural lighting as much as possible, and is designed to reduce damaging ultraviolet radiation. The color of the walls is designed to minimize distraction, and showcase the individual works (The National Gallery Museum, Building). A "gently implied hierarchy" of rooms (ranging from small to medium and large rooms) make up the galleries (Venturi, Scott Brown & Associates)."
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Memorials, 2004.
Comparison of the World Trade Center Memorial and the Vietnam Memorial.
1,037 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper compares two of the more recently constructed memorials honoring America's fallen: the World Trade Center Memorial, which honors those who died in the September 11, Twin Towers attack; and the Vietnam Memorial, which honors the young men and women who served and lost their lives in the Vietnam War.
From the Paper
"Those entering the contest for the Vietnam Memorial had to be a United States citizen who was at least 18 years old, and by the March 31, 1981 deadline, 2,573 individuals and teams had submitted 1421 designs. The designs were listed by numbers in order to maintain anonymity, and after narrowing down the entries to 39, the jury chose ?Number 1026 as it clearly met the spirit and formal requirements of the program. They felt its open nature would encourage access on all occasions, at all hours, without barriers, and yet free the visitors from the noise and traffic of the surrounding city (thewall-usa.com).?"
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The White House, 2004.
This paper looks at the history of the White House in the United States.
1,621 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
An exploration into the history of the American President's residence, known as the White House, in Washington DC. It looks at the original plans of the house as designed by Irish architect, James Hoban, and how several additions and changes have been made throughout the years.
From the Paper
"Many United States presidential candidates have battled over the years for the privilege of living at the most prestigious address in the country. After reviewing the literature on the history and architecture of the White House, which is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., it is easy to see why. Besides being a spectacular Georgian home, the White House is full of history, seeing more conflict, controversy and transformations than any single president."
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New York City?s Zoning and Setback Laws, 2004.
This paper discusses the history of the use of zoning and setback laws that shape New York City and its architecture.
1,670 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that New York City was the first community in the nation to institute a zoning ordinance, the New York 1916 Zoning Resolution, to establish specific height and setback controls on all buildings in an attempt to create a barrier that would stop manufacturing and industry from encroaching on Manhattan's office and department store district. The author points out that New York had the unique problem of skyscrapers blocking sunlight; therefore, the zoning ordinance laid down rules that buildings would forever be shaped similarly to a wedding cake, layered toward the top in like a stair-step method. The paper explains that newer zoning requirements must take into consideration the idea of environmental and resident protection, social and economic well-being, and the use of natural resources, such as ponds and wildlife habitats.
From the Paper
"There were attempts by newly disgruntled landowners, those who were zoned out of profits, to try to label the new zoning ordinances as unconstitutional. One specific case set the precedence for the rest of the country. In a small town in Ohio, the local government passed a zoning ordinance and the result devalued some sixty-eight acres of land that was owned by an Ambler Realty Company. Ambler Realty Company subsequently sued the town Euclid because they claimed that their land was literally taken and that the zoning ordinance was in violation of the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Ambler Realty Company?s argument was the literal interpretation of the Constitution, which says that private property cannot be revoked for public use unless the party revoking the land provides due or just compensation."
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Egyptian and Greek Architecture, 2004.
A comparison of the similarities and differences between Egyptian and Greek architecture.
1,240 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the temple architecture of Egyptians with that of the Greeks and explores the differences in structure, art and symbolism, and function. It discusses how architecture is more than the design of buildings and how it is the expression of ideas through the creation of structures.
Outline
Abstract and Introduction
Architectural Structure
Temple Function and Purpose
Architectural Art and Symbolism
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Egyptian temple architecture is much larger than that of the Greeks. One reason for this is because the geographical location was abundant with resources and building materials such as limestone cliffs. Another reason is that the Egyptians maintained a highly organized society capable of carrying out such large constructions. The earliest Egyptian pyramid was built for the pharaoh Zoser in Giza around 2700-2600 BC. These pyramids measured 756 feet on the side and 481 feet tall. Egyptian pyramids almost always took the shape of a triangle. The Egyptians worshiped the sun as their main god and it was represented by the Egyptian hieroglyph as a triangle. "
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The Chrysler Building, 2004.
A description of the famous building in New York City called the Chrysler Building.
2,003 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper offers a look at the history and design of the famous Chrysler Building. The writer describes both the exterior and interior of the building, as well as the architectural structure. The paper then offers some information on the architect himself, William Van Alen, and the original deal that led to the purchase of the site and plans to build the building.
From the Paper
"Architect William Van Alen originally designed the Chrysler Building for real estate speculator William H. Reynolds, but in 1928, Walter Percy Chrysler, head of the Chrysler Motor Corporation, purchased the site on the corner of Lexington Avenue and 42nd Street in midtown Manhattan, as well as Van Alen's plans. (Sandler, 1996) Those plans were changed as the design began to reflect Chrysler's forceful personality. The project soon became caught up in the fixated quest for height that swept through the city's commercial architecture in the 1920s and 1930s. Buildings rose taller and taller as owners sought both to maximize office space as well as to increase consumer visibility. Van Alen's initial design anticipated a 925-foot building with a rounded, Byzantine or Moorish top. At the same time, however, Van Alen's former partner, H. Craig Severance, was building the 927-foot Bank of the Manhattan Company on Wall Street. Not to be outdone, Van Alen revised his plans, with Chrysler's blessing, to include a new tapering top that culminated in a spire, bringing the total height to 1,046 feet and establishing the Chrysler Building as the world's tallest, briefly anyway."
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Ancient History, 2004.
Explores ancient Greek and ancient Egyptian history.
1,846 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the influence ancient Greece and ancient Egypt have had on different aspects of today's culture and civilization. The paper also compares and contrasts the architecture, government, and social status of each society.
From the Paper
"The ancient Greeks had ?city-state democracies where all the citizens assembled and a majority ruled and the government was ?of the, by and for the people (Rosenfeld, Democracy).? A city-state was comprised of the city, as well as the land and small villages around it. Athens and Sparta were the largest of these city-states. Sparta was concerned with its military force. The males were ?trained to be soldiers and lived in military barracks until they were 30 years old (unknown, Greece).? In contrast, Athens was a cultural and art center, producing ?architecture, drama, sculpture, and poetry still admired today (unknown, Greece).? Athenians were looked upon with resentment and jealously by other Greek city-states when they ?developed a system of government known as democracy, which gave every free man a vote and the right to hold office (unknown, Greece)."
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The University of Michigan Student Union Building, 2004.
An analysis of the architecture of the University of Michigan Student Union Building.
2,215 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the architectural features of the building. It discusses why specific features may have been built in a certain way in order to suit the student population that uses the building. It looks at the history of the building, as well as its current status.
From the Paper
"This is perhaps best evidenced on the University of Michigan Campus, in the form of the Michigan Student Union. This building is of particular interest, not simply because it is so well trafficked by students of the university. It is also of interest because it aspires to do so much, namely to provide a common nutritional, recreational, and functional gathering place for all students."
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New Modern Architecture, 2004.
A thorough overview of the trends in new modern architecture and which schools these trends originated from.
6,722 words (approx. 26.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 153.95
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Abstract
To consider modern architecture, this paper considers the various steps that have occurred. It begins with a consideration of the Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) architects and proceeds to Team X. This is followed by a look at New Brutalism and then leads to a look at the current state of architecture. This gives a view of the current state of architecture, as well as providing the context that allows the current state to be understood. From there, the paper looks ahead to the future of architecture and predicts what that future will look like, based on the trends that have been identified. The paper shows that architecture is ever-changing, while providing an overview of the changes that have taken place until now and the changes that can be expected to take place, leading to the future.
From the Paper
"Architecture will never achieve some perfect state where everyone accepts that the one best form has now been achieved. The reason for this is that what is considered best changes as people change. This aspect applies to architecture as much as it does to any other art form or any item produced in society. People in one generation may strive for a certain perfect form and they may even achieve it in their lifetime. However, even if they do, this form does not become the one perfect standard, never changing again. Instead, the next generation considers what has been created before and strives to achieve something. If architecture is considered as art, this is the same process that occurs with all other forms of art. For example, literature created centuries ago does not remain as the one perfect form for literature. Shakespeare?s work is still considered great, but the writers of today rarely create works similar to Shakespeare?s. Instead, they create works that reflect modern society, while possibly taking aspects of Shakespeare?s work and building on them. This creates a continual process of change, where one form grows into others. If architecture is considered as practical rather than artistic, it can be likened more to research-based developments. For example, the automobile was first developed in the early 20th century. Since that time, technical developments have seen it change considerably. These changes are also in response to changing society. For example, currently environmental issues are a social concern. For this reason, automobiles are beginning to develop with alternatives modes of fuel. Overall, this shows that architecture is like everything else in society, in that it will be constantly changing as society changes, while each generation will consider the works that have gone before it, assess them, make changes, and in doing so, continue the development of the field."
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